Nagelhout Pharmacology Exam 1
Review
pharmacogenomics - ANSWER-identifies discrete genetic differences among
individuals that play a critical role in drug response
Pharmacology - ANSWER-the study of the effect of chemicals on living tissue
Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER-the study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism and
excretion of drugs
Pharmaceutics - ANSWER-the formulation and preparation of drugs
pharmacognosy - ANSWER-the study of the medicinal uses of naturally occurring
compounds
pharmacy - ANSWER-the preparation and dispensing of drugs
pharmacogenetics - ANSWER-genetic influences by and on drugs
pharmacodynamics - ANSWER-physiological and biochemical mechanism of action of
drugs
(e.g. receptor theory)
pharmacoeconomics - ANSWER-the study of the economic impact of drugs
toxicology - ANSWER-the study of the harmful effects of chemicals
pharmacoepidemiology - ANSWER-is the study of the use and effects of drugs on large
groups of people
ED50 - ANSWER-Effective dose in 50% of the population
TD50 - ANSWER-Toxic Dose in 50% of the population
LD50 - ANSWER-Lethal Dose in 50% of the population
Therapeutic index - ANSWER-LD50/ED50
, Therapeutic window - ANSWER-TD50/ED50
Two types of ligands - ANSWER-Agonist or Antagonist
Reversible binding of ligands is called - ANSWER-competitive
non-reversible binding of ligands is called - ANSWER-noncompetitive
5 types of chemical bonds in order of increasing strength - ANSWER-van der waals,
hydrophobic, hydrogen, ionic, covalent
5 types of chemical bonds in order of decreasing strength - ANSWER-covalent, ionic,
hydrogen, hydrophobic, van der waals
Occupation of receptors by ligands is governed by: - ANSWER-affinity
Activation of receptors by ligands is governed by: - ANSWER-efficacy
A dose response curve can show: - ANSWER-Affinity (potency), Efficacy, Variability,
Slope
Up regulation - ANSWER-an increase in receptor proteins as a response to chronic
blockade
Down regulation - ANSWER-Desensitization (refractoriness) following continued
stimulation (agonists). Chronic beta stimulant use for asthma resulting in increased
dose necessary is an example
Drug Interaction - ANSWER-Alteration in the therapeutic action of a drug by concurrent
administration of other exogenous chemicals
1+1 = 2 - ANSWER-Addition; The combined effect of two drugs acting via the same
mechanism is equal to that expected by simple addition of their individual actions
Ex) midazolam + diazepam
1+1=3 - ANSWER-synergism; The combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum
of their individuals effects
Ex) Midazolam + Propofol
1+0=3 - ANSWER-potentiation; The enhancement of the action of one drug by a second
that has no detectable action of its own.
Ex) Penicillin + probenacid
antagonism - ANSWER-1+1=0; The action of one drug opposes the action of another
Ex) fentanyl + naloxone
Review
pharmacogenomics - ANSWER-identifies discrete genetic differences among
individuals that play a critical role in drug response
Pharmacology - ANSWER-the study of the effect of chemicals on living tissue
Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER-the study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism and
excretion of drugs
Pharmaceutics - ANSWER-the formulation and preparation of drugs
pharmacognosy - ANSWER-the study of the medicinal uses of naturally occurring
compounds
pharmacy - ANSWER-the preparation and dispensing of drugs
pharmacogenetics - ANSWER-genetic influences by and on drugs
pharmacodynamics - ANSWER-physiological and biochemical mechanism of action of
drugs
(e.g. receptor theory)
pharmacoeconomics - ANSWER-the study of the economic impact of drugs
toxicology - ANSWER-the study of the harmful effects of chemicals
pharmacoepidemiology - ANSWER-is the study of the use and effects of drugs on large
groups of people
ED50 - ANSWER-Effective dose in 50% of the population
TD50 - ANSWER-Toxic Dose in 50% of the population
LD50 - ANSWER-Lethal Dose in 50% of the population
Therapeutic index - ANSWER-LD50/ED50
, Therapeutic window - ANSWER-TD50/ED50
Two types of ligands - ANSWER-Agonist or Antagonist
Reversible binding of ligands is called - ANSWER-competitive
non-reversible binding of ligands is called - ANSWER-noncompetitive
5 types of chemical bonds in order of increasing strength - ANSWER-van der waals,
hydrophobic, hydrogen, ionic, covalent
5 types of chemical bonds in order of decreasing strength - ANSWER-covalent, ionic,
hydrogen, hydrophobic, van der waals
Occupation of receptors by ligands is governed by: - ANSWER-affinity
Activation of receptors by ligands is governed by: - ANSWER-efficacy
A dose response curve can show: - ANSWER-Affinity (potency), Efficacy, Variability,
Slope
Up regulation - ANSWER-an increase in receptor proteins as a response to chronic
blockade
Down regulation - ANSWER-Desensitization (refractoriness) following continued
stimulation (agonists). Chronic beta stimulant use for asthma resulting in increased
dose necessary is an example
Drug Interaction - ANSWER-Alteration in the therapeutic action of a drug by concurrent
administration of other exogenous chemicals
1+1 = 2 - ANSWER-Addition; The combined effect of two drugs acting via the same
mechanism is equal to that expected by simple addition of their individual actions
Ex) midazolam + diazepam
1+1=3 - ANSWER-synergism; The combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum
of their individuals effects
Ex) Midazolam + Propofol
1+0=3 - ANSWER-potentiation; The enhancement of the action of one drug by a second
that has no detectable action of its own.
Ex) Penicillin + probenacid
antagonism - ANSWER-1+1=0; The action of one drug opposes the action of another
Ex) fentanyl + naloxone
