BIOD 101 MODULE 6 EXAM PORTAGE
LEARNING LATEST 2025-2026 UPDATE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What are virulence factors? List ONE virulence factor related to GAS. -
Answer-agents used by a pathogen to establish successful colonization
within a host. M-protein and a capsule.
Klebsiella Pneumonia can be found commensally in what two tissues of
the body? In what tissues would it turn into an opportunistic pathogen? -
Answer-Mouth and gut, opportunistic in urinary tract, respiratory tract
and open wounds
Describe a capsule/glycocalyx - Answer-Sticky, composed of thick
layers of proteins and polysaccharides
What does a capsule provide? - Answer-Mechanism of adhesion to host
cells and other bacteria
When bacterial cells stick together, they form a - Answer-Colony
Describe fimbriae - Answer-Short, thin, hairlike appendages that attach
to surfaces
, Describe flagella - Answer-Whiplike structure with various attachment
sites
Rotational movement of flagellum is produced by - Answer-A protein
gradient
___ and ___ are cross connected by amino acid links in the cell wall -
Answer-NAG and NAM
Cross linked sugars in the cell wall make a polymer called - Answer-
Peptidoglycan
Peptidoglycan makes a mesh like barrier to - Answer-Enclose bacteria,
give it shape and protection
The arrangement of sugars in a cell wall is uniform, but nuances like
location results in - Answer-Bacteria having cell wall characteristics that
vary by type
What color are Gram+ stains? - Answer-Deep purple
Why are gram+ stains a certain color? - Answer-The stain is too large to
be washed away from the thick cell wall
What color are gram- stains? - Answer-Pink or red
, Why are gram- stains a certain color? - Answer-The stain can be
washed away through thin Peptidoglycan layer
How does penicillin work? - Answer-It interferes with bacterial cell
wall cross linkages
Why do humans have minimal side effects with penicillin? - Answer-
Human cells don't have Peptidoglycan cell walls
Why are most gram- resistant to penicillin type drugs? - Answer-They
have more outer membrane protection
What do drugs that target gram- bacteria do? - Answer-Target protein or
nucleoid acid synthesis
In what 3 ways can bacterial cells exist? - Answer-Single cell, pairs,
colonies
Cocci cells paired are called - Answer-Diplococci
Rod cells in chains are called - Answer-Streptoballi
Spherical cells in clusters are called - Answer-Staphlococci
LEARNING LATEST 2025-2026 UPDATE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What are virulence factors? List ONE virulence factor related to GAS. -
Answer-agents used by a pathogen to establish successful colonization
within a host. M-protein and a capsule.
Klebsiella Pneumonia can be found commensally in what two tissues of
the body? In what tissues would it turn into an opportunistic pathogen? -
Answer-Mouth and gut, opportunistic in urinary tract, respiratory tract
and open wounds
Describe a capsule/glycocalyx - Answer-Sticky, composed of thick
layers of proteins and polysaccharides
What does a capsule provide? - Answer-Mechanism of adhesion to host
cells and other bacteria
When bacterial cells stick together, they form a - Answer-Colony
Describe fimbriae - Answer-Short, thin, hairlike appendages that attach
to surfaces
, Describe flagella - Answer-Whiplike structure with various attachment
sites
Rotational movement of flagellum is produced by - Answer-A protein
gradient
___ and ___ are cross connected by amino acid links in the cell wall -
Answer-NAG and NAM
Cross linked sugars in the cell wall make a polymer called - Answer-
Peptidoglycan
Peptidoglycan makes a mesh like barrier to - Answer-Enclose bacteria,
give it shape and protection
The arrangement of sugars in a cell wall is uniform, but nuances like
location results in - Answer-Bacteria having cell wall characteristics that
vary by type
What color are Gram+ stains? - Answer-Deep purple
Why are gram+ stains a certain color? - Answer-The stain is too large to
be washed away from the thick cell wall
What color are gram- stains? - Answer-Pink or red
, Why are gram- stains a certain color? - Answer-The stain can be
washed away through thin Peptidoglycan layer
How does penicillin work? - Answer-It interferes with bacterial cell
wall cross linkages
Why do humans have minimal side effects with penicillin? - Answer-
Human cells don't have Peptidoglycan cell walls
Why are most gram- resistant to penicillin type drugs? - Answer-They
have more outer membrane protection
What do drugs that target gram- bacteria do? - Answer-Target protein or
nucleoid acid synthesis
In what 3 ways can bacterial cells exist? - Answer-Single cell, pairs,
colonies
Cocci cells paired are called - Answer-Diplococci
Rod cells in chains are called - Answer-Streptoballi
Spherical cells in clusters are called - Answer-Staphlococci
