N5315 Advanced Pathophysiology Renal
2024/2025 Exam Questions Marking
Scheme New Update | A+ Rated
Calcitriol - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔active form of vitamin D which is converted in
the kidneys
-helps with the absorption of calcium
-decreases renal calcium excretion
podocytes - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔epithelial cells in the bowman capsule which
wrap around the capillaries of the glomeruli. They form long processes (foot
projections) called pedicels which wrap around the glomerular capillaries
and leave slits between them. Blood is filtered through these slits
JGA (juxtaglomerular apparatus) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔collection of cells
consisting of the juxtaglomerular cells, the macula densa, and the
mesangial cells
mesangial cells - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔function as macrophages
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STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,-cells the monitor renal pressure and help maintain normal GFR through
the release of renin
release of renin - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔helps increase GFR by releasing
angiotensin II which constricts the efferent arteriole thereby increasing
pressure to the glomerulus
macula densa cells - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔group of epithelial cells located in the
distal convoluted tubule that are in close contact with afferent and efferent
arterioles. They help to regulate GFR
Renal blood flow - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔-1000-1200mL/min of blood
-20% is filtered out and of the capillaries and enters the Bowman's capsule
-filtrate then enters proximal tubule at 125mL/min = GFR
-80% flows out of glomerular space and into efferent arterioles
-efferent arterioles divide into capillaries that surround the tubules =
peritubular capillaries
-network of capillaries in conjunction with epithelial cells of the tubules is
responsible for solute exchange and water regulation
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
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STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, ACE inhibitors - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔blocks the action of angiotensin II on the
efferent arterioles and therefore have a renal protective quality in diabetics
because it decreases the pressure within the glomeruli; however, this mode
of action may also result in an acute kidney injury, particularly in someone
with renal artery stenosis
Calcium stones - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔-most common stone
-frequently calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate
-caused by hyperparathyroidism=increased osteoclast activity which break
down bone
renal calculi - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔-AKA nephrolithiasis
-AKA kidney stones
-made up of calcium, struvite, uric acid or cystine (an amino acid found in
most proteins)
Struvite stones - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔-second most common
-most troubling ones because they frequently cause complications with
intractable urinary tract infections, pain, bleeding, and abscess
-made of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate salts
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
3
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
2024/2025 Exam Questions Marking
Scheme New Update | A+ Rated
Calcitriol - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔active form of vitamin D which is converted in
the kidneys
-helps with the absorption of calcium
-decreases renal calcium excretion
podocytes - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔epithelial cells in the bowman capsule which
wrap around the capillaries of the glomeruli. They form long processes (foot
projections) called pedicels which wrap around the glomerular capillaries
and leave slits between them. Blood is filtered through these slits
JGA (juxtaglomerular apparatus) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔collection of cells
consisting of the juxtaglomerular cells, the macula densa, and the
mesangial cells
mesangial cells - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔function as macrophages
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
1
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,-cells the monitor renal pressure and help maintain normal GFR through
the release of renin
release of renin - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔helps increase GFR by releasing
angiotensin II which constricts the efferent arteriole thereby increasing
pressure to the glomerulus
macula densa cells - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔group of epithelial cells located in the
distal convoluted tubule that are in close contact with afferent and efferent
arterioles. They help to regulate GFR
Renal blood flow - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔-1000-1200mL/min of blood
-20% is filtered out and of the capillaries and enters the Bowman's capsule
-filtrate then enters proximal tubule at 125mL/min = GFR
-80% flows out of glomerular space and into efferent arterioles
-efferent arterioles divide into capillaries that surround the tubules =
peritubular capillaries
-network of capillaries in conjunction with epithelial cells of the tubules is
responsible for solute exchange and water regulation
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
2
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, ACE inhibitors - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔blocks the action of angiotensin II on the
efferent arterioles and therefore have a renal protective quality in diabetics
because it decreases the pressure within the glomeruli; however, this mode
of action may also result in an acute kidney injury, particularly in someone
with renal artery stenosis
Calcium stones - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔-most common stone
-frequently calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate
-caused by hyperparathyroidism=increased osteoclast activity which break
down bone
renal calculi - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔-AKA nephrolithiasis
-AKA kidney stones
-made up of calcium, struvite, uric acid or cystine (an amino acid found in
most proteins)
Struvite stones - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔-second most common
-most troubling ones because they frequently cause complications with
intractable urinary tract infections, pain, bleeding, and abscess
-made of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate salts
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
3
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
