psys 482 exam 2 Questions and Complete Solutions Graded A+

psys 482 exam 2 Questions and Complete Solutions Graded A+ 1. Describe the path taken by the ovum during the 48 hours that begins at the ovary. - Answer: a. Released into the body cavity from the ovary, then picked up by fimbriae, enters fallopian tubes, moves toward the uterus 1. Describe the path taken by the sperm from testicle to ejaculate in anatomical terms. - Answer: a. Manufactured in the seminiferous tubules of the testes, then collected and stored in the epididymis, move up and over bladder in the vas deferens, travel down the ejaculatory duct, mix with seminal fluid and out urethra 1. Why do roughly half of the sperm that reach a fallopian tube have no chance of fertilizing an egg? What keeps roughly half of the sperm in the total amount of ejaculate from getting into the uterus? - Answer: a. They enter the wrong tube b. They flow out of the vagina from gravity 1. How does the egg change locations from the ovary to the uterus? - Answer: a. Finger-like structures called fimbriae sweep the egg into the neighboring fallopian tube. The egg travels through the fallopian tube, propelled in part by contractions in the fallopian tube walls 1. What guides the sperm to the egg when they are getting close? - Answer: A chemical secreted by the egg that attracts the 1. The fertilized egg is called a zygote from conception until 2 weeks post-conception. What is it called at the end of the zygote stage? How long is this second stage? - Answer: a. Embryonic stage b. Ends at 2 months after conception 1. Describe two important roles of the placenta. - Answer: a. Exchange of nutrients and blood between mother and fetus b. Produce hormones impacting mother 1. What are two important roles for the amniotic fluid? - Answer: a. Maintains fetus at constant temperature b. Protects fetus from injury 1. At approximately what week are movements detected? - Answer: a. Week 14 1. Does missing a period mean a woman is pregnant? - Answer: a. No, this could be affected by birth control, stress and other factors that could mess with the hormones in a woman's body. In terms of pregnancy tests, what is a false negative? Are home pregnancy tests very good? - Answer: a. when you are pregnant but the test comes up negative. The most common reason for a false negative is that you took the test too early. b. Many home pregnancy tests claim to be 99 percent accurate. However, home pregnancy tests differ in the ability to diagnose pregnancy in women who have recently missed a period. 1. What proportion of pregnant women experience morning sickness? Describe one theory for why morning sickness occurs. - Answer: a. 2/3 b. To expel and avoid foods containing toxic chemicals Describe the association of testosterone and prolactin with paternal behavior. - Answer: a. High prolactin and low testosterone Is it OK for a pregnant woman to have sex? Given what we learned about female orgasm and the uterus why might it be good for a woman to have regular orgasms prior to giving birth? - Answer: · Yes · To strengthen pelvic muscles Describe three problems associated with fetal alcohol syndrome - Answer: a. Pre and post-natal growth deficiencies b. Small brain c. Joint, limb and heart malformations 1. Describe the three stages of birth. - Answer: a. First stage of labor: contractions, discharge of bloody mucus plug, effacement (thinning out of uterus) and dilation (opening up of uterus) b. Second stage of labor: birth, cervix fully dilated, baby moves from uterus to vagina c. Third stage of labor: placenta detaches from the wall, afterbirth 2. Give three reasons for having a cesarean section. - Answer: If the baby is too large/ the pelvis is too small, labor is too long, umbilical cord prolapses 1. How does the rate of C-sections in the US compare with other western European countries? If a woman has a C-section for one birth do subsequent births have to be C- sections? - Answer: a. Higher than most western countries b. No 1. Describe two specific benefits of Lamaze and one misunderstanding associated with idealistic prepared childbirth? - Answer: a. Conservation of energy and avoidance of the tension that increases the perception of pain b. Anesthetics cannot be used 1. Why should anesthesia be used during birth? Why shouldn't it be used? Who should decide whether it should be used? - Answer: a. Because it is unnecessary for women to suffer when modern medicine can relieve that b. There are dangerous to the mother and the fetus, slow and prolong labor, depress the fetus nervous system and numb a woman to the most fundamental experience of her life 1. Three forms of depression with varying degree of severity can occur in a woman following birth. What are they? What symptoms differentiate the forms of depression and how common are they? - Answer: a. Postpartum blues: mood swings, periods of feeling depressed, irritability, crying alternating with positive moods (50-80%) b. Postpartum depression: depressed mood, insomnia, tearfulness, feelings of inadequacy, fatigue (15%) c. Postpartum psychosis: restlessness, irritability, sleep disorders, disorganized behaviors, mood swings, delusions, and hallucinations (1-2/1000) 1. How do prolactin and oxytocin influence lactation? What secretes these hormones for lactation? - Answer: a. Prolactin stimulates the breasts to produce milk and oxytocin stimulates the breasts to secrete milk b. Pituitary 1. What is the effect of breast-feeding on ovulation and the likelihood of becoming pregnant? - Answer: a. Inhibits ovulation, less likely but still possible 1. Can breastfeeding cause sexual arousal in the woman? Is this wrong? - Answer: a. Yes, and no because it is necessary for the infant's survival so it should be rewarding for the mother 1. What are amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling? Specify what is sampled and when the procedure can take place. - Answer: a. Amniocentesis: inserting a fine tube through the pregnant woman's abdomen to remove some amniotic fluid to test for chromosomal disorders, genetically produced biochemical disorders and sex-linked diseases. Done between 13-16 weeks b. CVS: done between 9-11 weeks done through cervix or transabdominally taking cells form the chorionic villi and tested for genetic defects. What are two possible negative effects of infertility on sexual relationship of the couple? - Answer: a. Reduces spontaneity and reduced sexual satisfaction 1. The combination birth control pills raise some hormone levels that inhibit other hormones. What hormones levels are high and what hormone levels are inhibited? - Answer: High levels of estrogen and progesterone and inhibits FSH and LH 1. What is combined in the "combination pill"? - Answer: 1. Estrogen and progestin Contrast and define the two kinds of failure rate for birth control. - Answer: 1. Failure rate: how often the contraception does not work 2. Effectiveness: 100-failure rate 1. Although side effects are fairly uncommon with birth control pills, what are some side effects mentioned in the textbook? - Answer: 1. Blood clots, cancer, nausea, weight gain, irritability, depression Which is someone more likely to die from: being on the birth control pill or giving birth - Answer: 1. Birth 1. What is the impact of the pill on contracting sexually transmitted diseases? - Answer: 1. Higher rates of chlamydia and HIV 1. Why might taking the pill be "contraceptive overkill" and what might be a reasonable alternative? - Answer: 1. Because some women only have sex one or two times a month 2. Condom or diaphragm 1. High- estrogen pills are associated with what side effect while high-progestin pills are associated with what side effect? - Answer: 1. Higher doses of estrogen are associated with blood clots and high progestin pills are associated with depression and vaginitis 1. 2. How is the progestin-only pills different from the combination pill? - Answer: 1. No estrogen and low does or progestin 1. Describe "The Patch" and "The Vaginal Ring" contraception's. Be sure to include how it is used, how the substance effects the body. - Answer: 1. Patch: 7 days, combination pill as transdermal patch 2. Ring: releases combination hormones from inside women, 21 days 1. How is "Emergency Contraception" different from "the pill" contraception - Answer: 1. Super dose of hormonal contraception 1. Describe the forms of birth control that do not introduce synthetic hormones but do require a medical professional to apply or fit the birth control. - Answer: 1. IUD, Depo shot 1. How can the male condom be become nearly 100 percent effective? - Answer: By combining it with foam, cream or diaphragm 1. What birth control is available for a man? - Answer: 1. Condoms, withdrawal, vasectomy What are some of the benefits of using a male condom? - Answer: 1. Cheap, easy, STI prevention 1. Which forms of birth control can interfere with spontaneity? Describe one way to avoid interfering with spontaneity with a form of birth control that can interfere with spontaneity. - Answer: 1. Condoms 2. By making it erotic putting it on 1. How long can sperm survive in the female reproductive tract? - Answer: 1. 6 hrs 18. What range of days in the cycle are eligible for penis-vagina sex when using the basal body temperature method? - Answer: 1. Three days after rise in temperature 18. With male and female surgical birth control are hormone levels affected? - Answer: no 18. Describe a form of birth control that is easily reversed and another that is not. - Answer: 1. Condoms, vasectomy 18. What forms of birth control reduce the likelihood of becoming infected with an STI? - Answer: 1. Condoms 1. According to Masters and Johnson, what are the three stages of sexual response? - Answer: 1. Excitement, orgasm, resolution 1. Describe the beginning and ending of an erection in terms of blood flow and neurotransmitters. - Answer: 1. Blood flows in, nitric oxide released 2. Blood flows out 1. Where does vaginal lubrication come from? - Answer: 1. Fluids seeps through walls from vasocongestion 1. In the excited phase of sexual arousal what parts of the female swell or get larger? - Answer: Clitoral glans, labia, nipples and breasts 1. Describe the erectile response in females that is analogous to the erectile response in males. - Answer: 1. Clitoral glans and penis glans 1. During excitement what do the labia and vagina do that allow it to accommodate the insertion of a penis? - Answer: 1. Vaginal lubrication and labia swells 1. What are vasocongestion, vasoconstriction and myotonia? Give an example of each. - Answer: 1. Vasocongestion: blood collects 2. Vasoconstriction: blood leaves 3. Myotonia: muscles throughout body contracts 1. Male orgasm can be divided into two stages. What are they? Describe the location of semen for each stage. - Answer: 1. Preliminary stage: ejaculatory inevitability 2. Second stage: force semen through urethra 1. Orgasm includes rhythmic contractions for both sexes. How many occur and at what interval? - Answer: 1. .8 seconds 2. 3-12 1. What are two reasons that a woman should not fake an orgasm and one reason why a woman might fake an orgasm? How can a partner tell whether a woman has faked an orgasm? - Answer: 1. To feel secure, to feel close to a partner 2. Because of the pressure of the script 3. Honest communication Describe what the refractory period is and how it differs between the sexes - Answer: 1. Men cannot get re-aroused and women do not have one 1. What are the two findings from Masters and Johnson's research that suggests Freud's view of the female orgasm was wrong? - Answer: 1. They are physiologically the same, clitoral stimulation is almost always involved in orgasm 1. Are women likely to experience multiple orgasms with penile-vaginal intercourse? Why or why not? - Answer: 1. Men do not have the endurance 1. What are two criticisms of Masters and Johnson's model of sexual response? - Answer: 1. Ignores cognitive and subjective aspects of sexual response 2. Participants may have been self-fulfilling prophecy 1. Describe three reasons Kaplan's separation of vasocongestion and muscular contractions makes sense. - Answer: 1. Caused by different parts of the nervous system (vasocongestion controlled by parasympathetic and orgasm are sympathetic) different anatomical structures orgasm and vasocongestion differ in their susceptibility to injury, drugs and age 1. If a view of a female doctor's hand examining a man's testicle is not arousing to a woman it may be because of what aspect of the cognitive model for sexual response? - Answer: 1. Dual control 1. A man with a severed spinal cord can have an erection. A man with an intact spinal cord can have an erection without any physical stimulation of the genitals. Describe what we can conclude about the communication that occurs between the penis and the brain in regard to acquiring an erection. - Answer: 1. Happens in two centers 1. Where are the ejaculation and erection centers? - Answer: Two different points on the spinal cord ejaculation higher 1. Name two of the three components of the "sexual interest network". - Answer: 1. the nucleus accumbens (NAcc, which is in the center of the brain very close to the hypothalamus), amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex (pACC), and hypo- thalamus 1. What are organizing and activating effects of hormones? Be sure to include examples of each. - Answer: 1. Organizing: permanent change in structure 2. Activating: activate certain behaviors 1. How are lower species and humans different in terms of hormonal influences on sexual behavior? - Answer: 1. Lower are more under hormonal control and humans are under neural control 1. Give two pieces of evidence that suggest that testosterone has an impact on a person's desire to engage in sexual activity. - Answer: 1. Sexual behavior in pubescent boys and androgens in women 1. What are two locations where humans secrete chemicals that have been demonstrated to be pheromones in other species? - Answer: 1. Armpit and genital secretions 1. Describe a study in which pheromones are used to synchronize menstrual cycles. - Answer: Taking arm pit sweat and putting it under nose- McClintock effect 1. Describe a study that supports the idea that sexual orientation may impact our perceptions of odors. - Answer: 1. Gay men rated hetero men sweat low on odor smell and hetero men rated gay men sweat low 1. Describe the impact of women's armpit secretions on LH and the resulting impact on the menstrual cycle. - Answer: 1. LH surge that triggers ovulation 1. What is an example of an erogenous zone? What is an erogenous zone? Do all people of the same sex have the same erogenous zones? - Answer: 1. Breasts, genitals, thighs, lips, neck 2. Sexually sensitive zones 3. No 1. Describe the role of the clitoral glans and penis glans in masturbation for the majority of individuals. Describe the role of vaginal penetration for the majority of women during masturbation. - Answer: 1. Hand stimulation or vibrators/dildos could be used 1. What are the two major components of the Dual Control Model? Which of these two components has been largely ignored by other models? - Answer: 1. Excitation and inhibition 2. Inhibition 1. How do researchers get information about child sexuality? - Answer: a. By asking parents 1. What is a fundamental ethical challenge with asking a child to participate in a research study? - Answer: a. They do not fully comprehend and therefore cannot give consent At what age is the earliest documented male erection? Vaginal lubrication? - Answer: a. Born with erections b. 24 hours after birth 1. What appears to be the natural progression of self-stimulation from infant to puberty? - Answer: a. Boys and girls touch themselves and can orgasm, but boys cannot ejaculate until puberty 1. What is adrenarche? When does it usually occur? What behavior changes are associated with it? - Answer: a. 8-10 and it is the maturation of the adrenal glands 1. How do girls and boys generally find out about masturbation? - Answer: Boys learn about it through peers and girls learn about it through self-discovery 1. Give three possible negative repercussions of sexualization on young women. - Answer: a. Young people to initiate sexual activity, to engage in unwanted sexual activity and to engage in risky sexual behavior 1. What can society do to counteract sexualization? Give three suggestions. - Answer: a. Parents can share values about appropriate and inappropriate behavior, youth can create alternative media, engaging in activism and resistance 1. Give three possible factors that might lead to the heightened sexuality during adolescence. - Answer: Bodily changes, rise in hormone levels, increased cultural emphasis on 1. What hormone impacts adolescent sexuality? What social variables impact adolescent sexuality? Describe the gender differences. - Answer: a. Testosterone, permissive attitudes, father absence (girls), church attendance 1. Describe the difference in the proportion of males and proportion of females who masturbate for by the age of 14. - Answer: 63% of boys and 43% of girls 1. Give one reason adolescents choose not to have intercourse and one reason why adolescents choose to have intercourse. - Answer: a. Against religion/morals b. Sexual pleasure 1. If a 17-year old uses his phone to send a nude photo of himself to another 17-year old who keeps it on his phone, who has violated federal law? - Answer: a. Both 1. Sexually active 20 to 21-year-olds cluster into different groups based on their patterns of sexual activity. Describe two attributes for Active Unprotected and Satisfied groups. - Answer: a. Active unprotected: relatively high frequency of sex and moderately satisfied, but did not practice safe sex b. Satisfied: low importance on regular sex, high risk reduction 1. What is the "orgasm gap" for hookups? - Answer: Women are much less likely to experience and orgasm during a hookup 1. What is the difference between hookups and friends with benefits? - Answer: a. Still have companionship, just not a full relationship but hookup have no relationship 1. What proportion of 20 to 24-year-old males and females engage in same-gender sexual behavior? - Answer: a. 16% of women and 6% of men 1. In Erikson's adolescence stage of psychosocial development, what is the role of sexuality? - Answer: a. Sexual identity 1. Within the context of Erikson's stages, if a child is severely punished for masturbating, how might one of Erikson's crises be resolved in the child? Be sure to specify the age of the child that you are describing. - Answer: The child at 5 who shows autonomy and initiative is punished, the parents produce shame and guilt and may lose self-esteem 1. Teratogens are an unfortunate reality, but scientists have used teratogens as a way of looking at what in prenatal development? - Answer: Threshold of impact on structures 1. What are three different types of prenatal testing and which ones provide genetic information? - Answer: 1. Ultrasound, amniocentesis, CVS 2. Latter two 1. What is a cost-effective form of contraception that is less popular in the US than in Europe because a few decades ago a company marketed one in the US that caused serious problems? - Answer: IUDS 1. What did we learn from the "Private Dicks" in-class video clip about men's views of fertility? - Answer: 1. They feel inadequate when infertile, except some see it as a relief 1. Lidocaine spray is currently being marketed to help sexual response in what way? What is a potential negative repercussion of the spray for the user's partner in a heterosexual encounter? - Answer: 1. Help men last longer, may result in less feeling for women 1. Kaplan's model of sexual response provides what interesting insight about the relationship between sexual desire and genital vasocongestion? - Answer: 1. Independent processes and can occur in different orders 1. How has menarche changed across the last century? - Answer: 1. Decreased in age