Bio 109 Study Guide 2024/2025 Exam
Comprehensive Questions and Verified
Answers | Accurate Solutions | Get it
100% Correct!! | Already Graded A+
positive phototaxis - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔movement of an organism toward light
negative phototaxis - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔movement away from light
endospore - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔A thick-walled protective spore that forms
inside a bacterial cell and resists harsh conditions.
binary fission - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔A form of asexual reproduction in which one
cell divides to form two identical cells.
phototroph - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔an organism that gets its energy from sunlight
chemotroph - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔microbes that gain energy from chemical
compounds
autotroph - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔An organism that makes its own food
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,heterotroph - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔organism that obtains energy from the foods it
consumes; also called a consumer
obligate aerobe - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔organism that requires a constant supply
of oxygen in order to live
facultative anaerobe - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔organism that can survive with or
without oxygen
obligate anaerobe - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔organism that cannot live in the
presence of oxygen
bioremediation - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔The use of living organisms to detoxify and
restore polluted and degraded ecosystems
What are the two main branches of prokaryotic evolution? - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔Bacteria and Archae
What are the components of a prokaryotic cell wall? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔gram
positive/gram-negative
How does the cell wall of a Gram-positive bacterium differ from that of a
gram-negative bacterium? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Positive: thick peptidoglycan
layer
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,Negative: have an outer membrane
What functions are served by the cell wall of prokaryotes? - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔-maintains shape and helps protect cell from hypotonic solutions
Why are Gram-negative pathogens generally more threatening than Gram-
positive ones? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔they have lipopolysaccharides which are
toxic/outer membrane protects against hot defenses/greater resistance to
antibiotics
How does penicillin inhibit prokaryotic growth? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔inhibits
cross-link formation, which interferes with cell wall function.
What is a capsule and what is its function? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔A hydrated
matrix of carbohydrates and proteins that surrounds a bacterium, resisting
phagocytosis, desiccation, and antibiotics
What are fimbriae and what do they do? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔hair-like
appendages that allow prokaryotes to stick to their substrate or to one
another.
What are the major differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? -
🧠ANSWER ✔✔pro-simpler and have diff ribosomes/Bacteria and Archae
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STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Eu-complex/plants/animals/fungi
What is a plasmid and what is its function? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Small circular
DNA which is used for antibiotic resistance
How do the antibiotics erythromycin and tetracycline inhibit bacterial
growth? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Erythromycin and tetracycline are both antibiotics
that inhibit bacterial growth, but they do so through different mechanisms
by targeting bacterial ribosomes, which are responsible for protein
synthesis.
What is horizontal gene transfer? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔transfer of genes
between cells of the same generation
What are the three mechanisms prokaryotes use to transfer genes between
individuals? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Transformation, Transduction and
conjugation
Distinguish the following four major modes of nutrition observed in
prokaryotes,photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs,
chemoheterotrophs. - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Photoautotrophs: Use light as an
energy source and CO₂ as a carbon source (e.g., cyanobacteria).
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
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STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Comprehensive Questions and Verified
Answers | Accurate Solutions | Get it
100% Correct!! | Already Graded A+
positive phototaxis - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔movement of an organism toward light
negative phototaxis - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔movement away from light
endospore - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔A thick-walled protective spore that forms
inside a bacterial cell and resists harsh conditions.
binary fission - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔A form of asexual reproduction in which one
cell divides to form two identical cells.
phototroph - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔an organism that gets its energy from sunlight
chemotroph - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔microbes that gain energy from chemical
compounds
autotroph - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔An organism that makes its own food
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
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STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,heterotroph - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔organism that obtains energy from the foods it
consumes; also called a consumer
obligate aerobe - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔organism that requires a constant supply
of oxygen in order to live
facultative anaerobe - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔organism that can survive with or
without oxygen
obligate anaerobe - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔organism that cannot live in the
presence of oxygen
bioremediation - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔The use of living organisms to detoxify and
restore polluted and degraded ecosystems
What are the two main branches of prokaryotic evolution? - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔Bacteria and Archae
What are the components of a prokaryotic cell wall? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔gram
positive/gram-negative
How does the cell wall of a Gram-positive bacterium differ from that of a
gram-negative bacterium? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Positive: thick peptidoglycan
layer
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
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STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,Negative: have an outer membrane
What functions are served by the cell wall of prokaryotes? - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔-maintains shape and helps protect cell from hypotonic solutions
Why are Gram-negative pathogens generally more threatening than Gram-
positive ones? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔they have lipopolysaccharides which are
toxic/outer membrane protects against hot defenses/greater resistance to
antibiotics
How does penicillin inhibit prokaryotic growth? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔inhibits
cross-link formation, which interferes with cell wall function.
What is a capsule and what is its function? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔A hydrated
matrix of carbohydrates and proteins that surrounds a bacterium, resisting
phagocytosis, desiccation, and antibiotics
What are fimbriae and what do they do? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔hair-like
appendages that allow prokaryotes to stick to their substrate or to one
another.
What are the major differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? -
🧠ANSWER ✔✔pro-simpler and have diff ribosomes/Bacteria and Archae
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
3
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Eu-complex/plants/animals/fungi
What is a plasmid and what is its function? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Small circular
DNA which is used for antibiotic resistance
How do the antibiotics erythromycin and tetracycline inhibit bacterial
growth? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Erythromycin and tetracycline are both antibiotics
that inhibit bacterial growth, but they do so through different mechanisms
by targeting bacterial ribosomes, which are responsible for protein
synthesis.
What is horizontal gene transfer? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔transfer of genes
between cells of the same generation
What are the three mechanisms prokaryotes use to transfer genes between
individuals? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Transformation, Transduction and
conjugation
Distinguish the following four major modes of nutrition observed in
prokaryotes,photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs,
chemoheterotrophs. - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Photoautotrophs: Use light as an
energy source and CO₂ as a carbon source (e.g., cyanobacteria).
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
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STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
