PSY2114 Exam Questions With Verified Solutions
what is development - ANSWER changes that occur over time in thought, behaviour,
reasoning, functioning of a person due to biological, individual, and environmental
influences
subcategories of development - ANSWER 1. physical/perceptual development
2. cognitive development
3. emotional and social development
physical / perceptual development - ANSWER Brain development, changes in
perceptual and motor abilities, changes in body systems and how they function
cognitive development - ANSWER development of thought processes, intellectual
abilities, attention, memory, problem solving, and language
can be in academic settings
emotional and social development - ANSWER changes in regulation of emotions, in
interpersonal skills, relationship formation, moral reasoning
common breakdown of periods of development - ANSWER 1. prenatal period :
conception to birth
2. infancy and toddlerhood : birth to 2 years
3. early childhood : 2 to 6 years
4. middle childhood : 6 to 11 year
5. adolescence : 11 to 20 years
6. early adulthood
7. middle adulthood
8. late adulthood
when does development end - ANSWER death
does age = development ? - ANSWER NO , it's just a framework
-experience and genetics cause development
-in developmental psych, we often look at age-related changes
nature vs. nurture - ANSWER name for a controversy in which it is debated whether
,genetics or environment is responsible for driving behavior
ex. humans are arguably the only species with language, and language skills typically
emerge around the same age
-indicates a genetic component
not all humans develop language, and different people develop different languages
-indicates an environmental component
-theories emphasizing stability across the lifespan emphasize nature
-theories emphasizing plasticity (change) across the lifespan emphasize nurture
genotype - ANSWER genetic makeup of an organism
-differences in genotype are due to parental genetic material
ex. eye color
phenotype - ANSWER physical characteristics of an organism
-differences in phenotype are due to differences in genotype and/or differences in
environment
-influenced by genetics and experiences
-observable and measurable
Heritability - ANSWER the ability of a trait to be passed down from one generation to the
next
-extent to which individual differences in phenotypes are due to genetic factors
-question of HOW MUCH
ex. measuring intelligence in children and teens : heredity estimate = 0.50
-genetic differences explain about 50% of variation in intelligence in children and teens
(half genetic + half experience)
ex. hair length = 0 (not genetic)
ex. eye color = 1 (fully genetic)
canalization - ANSWER some behaviours/traits are simply not very responsive to the
environment : genetics limit possible outcomes to only one or a few outcomes
ex. most babies will learn how to sit at the same age
-a strongly canalized characteristic will come out a certain way unless very strong
, environmental effects occur
differential susceptibility - ANSWER the idea that people vary in how sensitive they are
to particular experiences either cuz of genes or their past
-individuals vary in their susceptibility to environmental impacts based on their
genotype
-the same genotype can lead to different outcomes with different experiences
-genes and environment interact in hard to predict ways
ex. 2 ppl have predisposition to psychopath gene
-one has a good/healthy life and doesn't ever get it
-another has a rough life and gets the gene
niche-picking - ANSWER we tend to do things were naturally good at
-can be active or passive
ex. get good genes for sports
-enjoys sports, asks to play sports (active)
-practices a lot
-hard to tell what is from genetics and what is from practising (environment)
passive niche-picking - ANSWER someone choses for you what to do
-ex. parents are musicians so they enrol their kids in music
active niche-picking - ANSWER individual says they are good at something and you ask
to be enrolled in it
evocative correlation - ANSWER behaviour influences others
ADD ON THIS
fraternal birth order effect - ANSWER a phenomenon in which right-handed men are
increasingly more likely to be homosexual with each additional older brother (33% more
with each brother)
-only works with biological brothers
-maternal immune hypothesis
maternal immune response - ANSWER -moms immune system will react to male cells of
first baby boy
what is development - ANSWER changes that occur over time in thought, behaviour,
reasoning, functioning of a person due to biological, individual, and environmental
influences
subcategories of development - ANSWER 1. physical/perceptual development
2. cognitive development
3. emotional and social development
physical / perceptual development - ANSWER Brain development, changes in
perceptual and motor abilities, changes in body systems and how they function
cognitive development - ANSWER development of thought processes, intellectual
abilities, attention, memory, problem solving, and language
can be in academic settings
emotional and social development - ANSWER changes in regulation of emotions, in
interpersonal skills, relationship formation, moral reasoning
common breakdown of periods of development - ANSWER 1. prenatal period :
conception to birth
2. infancy and toddlerhood : birth to 2 years
3. early childhood : 2 to 6 years
4. middle childhood : 6 to 11 year
5. adolescence : 11 to 20 years
6. early adulthood
7. middle adulthood
8. late adulthood
when does development end - ANSWER death
does age = development ? - ANSWER NO , it's just a framework
-experience and genetics cause development
-in developmental psych, we often look at age-related changes
nature vs. nurture - ANSWER name for a controversy in which it is debated whether
,genetics or environment is responsible for driving behavior
ex. humans are arguably the only species with language, and language skills typically
emerge around the same age
-indicates a genetic component
not all humans develop language, and different people develop different languages
-indicates an environmental component
-theories emphasizing stability across the lifespan emphasize nature
-theories emphasizing plasticity (change) across the lifespan emphasize nurture
genotype - ANSWER genetic makeup of an organism
-differences in genotype are due to parental genetic material
ex. eye color
phenotype - ANSWER physical characteristics of an organism
-differences in phenotype are due to differences in genotype and/or differences in
environment
-influenced by genetics and experiences
-observable and measurable
Heritability - ANSWER the ability of a trait to be passed down from one generation to the
next
-extent to which individual differences in phenotypes are due to genetic factors
-question of HOW MUCH
ex. measuring intelligence in children and teens : heredity estimate = 0.50
-genetic differences explain about 50% of variation in intelligence in children and teens
(half genetic + half experience)
ex. hair length = 0 (not genetic)
ex. eye color = 1 (fully genetic)
canalization - ANSWER some behaviours/traits are simply not very responsive to the
environment : genetics limit possible outcomes to only one or a few outcomes
ex. most babies will learn how to sit at the same age
-a strongly canalized characteristic will come out a certain way unless very strong
, environmental effects occur
differential susceptibility - ANSWER the idea that people vary in how sensitive they are
to particular experiences either cuz of genes or their past
-individuals vary in their susceptibility to environmental impacts based on their
genotype
-the same genotype can lead to different outcomes with different experiences
-genes and environment interact in hard to predict ways
ex. 2 ppl have predisposition to psychopath gene
-one has a good/healthy life and doesn't ever get it
-another has a rough life and gets the gene
niche-picking - ANSWER we tend to do things were naturally good at
-can be active or passive
ex. get good genes for sports
-enjoys sports, asks to play sports (active)
-practices a lot
-hard to tell what is from genetics and what is from practising (environment)
passive niche-picking - ANSWER someone choses for you what to do
-ex. parents are musicians so they enrol their kids in music
active niche-picking - ANSWER individual says they are good at something and you ask
to be enrolled in it
evocative correlation - ANSWER behaviour influences others
ADD ON THIS
fraternal birth order effect - ANSWER a phenomenon in which right-handed men are
increasingly more likely to be homosexual with each additional older brother (33% more
with each brother)
-only works with biological brothers
-maternal immune hypothesis
maternal immune response - ANSWER -moms immune system will react to male cells of
first baby boy
