ABG (Arterial Blood Gas):
o pH: 7.35 - 7.45
o pCO2: 35 - 45 mmHg
o pO2: 80 - 100 mmHg
o HCO3-: 22 - 26 mEq/L
H&H (Hemoglobin and Hematocrit):
o Hemoglobin (Male): 14 - 18 g/dL, (Female): 12 - 16 g/dL%
o Hematocrit (Male): 42 - 52%, (Female): 36 - 48%%
WBC (White Blood Cell Count):%4.5 - 11.0 x 10^9/L%
PLT (Platelet Count):%150,000 - 450,000 per microliter%
Prothrombin Time (PT):%11 - 13 seconds%
INR (International Normalized Ratio):%0.8 - 1.2%(Therapeutic
range 2-3)
aPTT (Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time):%25 - 35 seconds%
Electrolytes:
o Sodium (Na+): 135 - 145 mEq/L%
o Potassium (K+): 3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L%
o Chloride (Cl-): 98 - 106 mEq/L%
o Calcium (Ca++): 8.5 - 10.5 mg/dL%
o Magnesium (Mg++): 1.8 - 2.6 mg/dL%
Creatinine:%0.6 - 1.2 mg/dL%
Troponin:%< 0.04 ng/mL%
LA (Left Atrial Pressure):%< 12 mmHg
BNP (B-type Natriuretic Peptide):%< 100 pg/mL
Nitroglycerin
, Mechanism of Action (MOA): Nitroglycerin is a vasodilator that works by
relaxing the smooth muscles in the walls of blood vessels, especially veins.
This leads to the dilation of blood vessels, which increases blood flow and
oxygen supply to the heart, thereby relieving chest pain (angina)1.
Therapeutic Range: There isn't a specific therapeutic range for
nitroglycerin as it is typically used as needed for acute angina attacks.
Dosages vary based on the form and patient response.
Common Side Effects:
Headache: This is the most common side effect and can be severe.
Dizziness: Due to the drop in blood pressure.
Flushing: Warmth and redness of the skin.
Nausea: Some patients may feel sick to their stomach.
Tachycardia: Rapid heart rate as a compensatory mechanism.
Low Blood Pressure: Can cause lightheadedness or fainting.
Uses: Nitroglycerin is primarily used to treat and prevent angina pectoris
(chest pain). It can also be used to treat heart failure and anal fissures1.
When to Hold: Nitroglycerin should be held if the patient experiences
severe headaches that do not subside, hypotension (low blood pressure), or
if there is no relief from chest pain after three doses taken 5 minutes apart.
Digoxin
Mechanism of Action (MOA): Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside that helps the
heart beat more strongly and regularly by inhibiting the sodium-potassium
ATPase pump, which increases intracellular calcium levels and enhances
cardiac contractility.
Therapeutic Range: The therapeutic plasma concentration of digoxin is
generally between 0.5-2.0 ng/mL . Levels above 2.0 ng/mL may increase the
risk of toxicity.
Common Side Effects:
Cardiovascular: Bradycardia (slow heart rate), arrhythmias, and heart
block.
o pH: 7.35 - 7.45
o pCO2: 35 - 45 mmHg
o pO2: 80 - 100 mmHg
o HCO3-: 22 - 26 mEq/L
H&H (Hemoglobin and Hematocrit):
o Hemoglobin (Male): 14 - 18 g/dL, (Female): 12 - 16 g/dL%
o Hematocrit (Male): 42 - 52%, (Female): 36 - 48%%
WBC (White Blood Cell Count):%4.5 - 11.0 x 10^9/L%
PLT (Platelet Count):%150,000 - 450,000 per microliter%
Prothrombin Time (PT):%11 - 13 seconds%
INR (International Normalized Ratio):%0.8 - 1.2%(Therapeutic
range 2-3)
aPTT (Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time):%25 - 35 seconds%
Electrolytes:
o Sodium (Na+): 135 - 145 mEq/L%
o Potassium (K+): 3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L%
o Chloride (Cl-): 98 - 106 mEq/L%
o Calcium (Ca++): 8.5 - 10.5 mg/dL%
o Magnesium (Mg++): 1.8 - 2.6 mg/dL%
Creatinine:%0.6 - 1.2 mg/dL%
Troponin:%< 0.04 ng/mL%
LA (Left Atrial Pressure):%< 12 mmHg
BNP (B-type Natriuretic Peptide):%< 100 pg/mL
Nitroglycerin
, Mechanism of Action (MOA): Nitroglycerin is a vasodilator that works by
relaxing the smooth muscles in the walls of blood vessels, especially veins.
This leads to the dilation of blood vessels, which increases blood flow and
oxygen supply to the heart, thereby relieving chest pain (angina)1.
Therapeutic Range: There isn't a specific therapeutic range for
nitroglycerin as it is typically used as needed for acute angina attacks.
Dosages vary based on the form and patient response.
Common Side Effects:
Headache: This is the most common side effect and can be severe.
Dizziness: Due to the drop in blood pressure.
Flushing: Warmth and redness of the skin.
Nausea: Some patients may feel sick to their stomach.
Tachycardia: Rapid heart rate as a compensatory mechanism.
Low Blood Pressure: Can cause lightheadedness or fainting.
Uses: Nitroglycerin is primarily used to treat and prevent angina pectoris
(chest pain). It can also be used to treat heart failure and anal fissures1.
When to Hold: Nitroglycerin should be held if the patient experiences
severe headaches that do not subside, hypotension (low blood pressure), or
if there is no relief from chest pain after three doses taken 5 minutes apart.
Digoxin
Mechanism of Action (MOA): Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside that helps the
heart beat more strongly and regularly by inhibiting the sodium-potassium
ATPase pump, which increases intracellular calcium levels and enhances
cardiac contractility.
Therapeutic Range: The therapeutic plasma concentration of digoxin is
generally between 0.5-2.0 ng/mL . Levels above 2.0 ng/mL may increase the
risk of toxicity.
Common Side Effects:
Cardiovascular: Bradycardia (slow heart rate), arrhythmias, and heart
block.
