Cognitieve psychologie
Prof. Natasha Deroost
2023-2024
Amandine Vico
1
,Inhoud
1. Inleiding........................................................................................................................................... 6
2. Geschiedenis ................................................................................................................................... 8
2.1 Eerste cognitieve psychologen............................................................................................... 8
2.1.1 Franciscus Donders (1868) ................................................................................................ 8
2.1.2 Ebbinghaus (1885)........................................................................................................... 10
2.2 Opkomst behaviourisme...................................................................................................... 11
2.2.1 Cognitieve psychologie versus behaviourisme ................................................................ 11
2.2.2 Eerste helft 20ste eeuw..................................................................................................... 12
2.2.3 Kritiek behaviourisme...................................................................................................... 12
2.2.4 Leerexperimenten ........................................................................................................... 12
2.2.5 Openen black box ............................................................................................................ 13
2.3 Cognitieve revolutie ............................................................................................................. 14
2.3.1 Informatieverwerkingsbenadering .................................................................................. 14
2.3.2 Cognitieve modellering ................................................................................................... 15
2.3.3 Artificiële intelligentie ..................................................................................................... 16
2.3.4 1956: geboortejaar .......................................................................................................... 16
3. Perceptie ....................................................................................................................................... 17
3.1 Wat is perceptie? ................................................................................................................. 17
3.1.1 Interne representatie ...................................................................................................... 18
3.1.2 Van prikkel tot perceptie ................................................................................................. 18
3.2 Psychofysica ......................................................................................................................... 20
3.2.1 Detectiedrempel.............................................................................................................. 20
3.2.2 Verschildrempel............................................................................................................... 21
3.2.3 Schaalproblemen............................................................................................................. 22
3.3 Objectherkenning ................................................................................................................ 23
3.3.1 Bottom-up versus top-down verwerking ........................................................................ 23
3.3.2 Modellen objectherkenning ............................................................................................ 23
3.4 Gezichtsherkenning ............................................................................................................. 29
3.4.1 Prototypische modellen .................................................................................................. 29
3.4.2 Aantrekkelijkheid............................................................................................................. 29
3.4.3 Fusiform face area ........................................................................................................... 30
3.4.4 Perceptuele expertise...................................................................................................... 31
4. Aandacht ....................................................................................................................................... 33
4.1 Wat is aandacht? ......................................................................................................................... 33
4.2 Selectieve aandacht .................................................................................................................... 33
2
, 4.2.1 Change blindness ................................................................................................................. 34
Inattentional blindness.................................................................................................................. 34
Aandacht vs. Oogbewegingen ....................................................................................................... 36
Eigenschappen van selectieve aandacht ....................................................................................... 37
Sociale functie ............................................................................................................................... 40
Vroege versus late selectie ............................................................................................................ 41
4.3 Verdeelde aandacht .................................................................................................................... 49
4.4 Neurale basis aandacht ............................................................................................................... 55
5. Kortetermijngeheugen .................................................................................................................. 58
5.1 Geheugen ............................................................................................................................ 58
5.1.1 William James (1890) ...................................................................................................... 58
5.1.2 KTG vs. LTG ...................................................................................................................... 58
5.1.3 Vrije herinnering (Murdock, 1962) .................................................................................. 58
5.1.4 Dubbelle dissociatie ........................................................................................................ 59
5.1.5 Patiënt H.M. .................................................................................................................... 60
5.2 Modaalmodel ...................................................................................................................... 61
5.2.1 Modaalmodel Atkinson en Shiffrin (1968) ...................................................................... 61
5.2.2 Geheugenprocessen ........................................................................................................ 61
5.3 Sensorisch register............................................................................................................... 62
5.3.1 Iconisch geheugen ........................................................................................................... 62
5.3.2 Echoïsch geheugen (Darwin et al., 1972) ........................................................................ 64
5.3.3 Van SR naar KTG .............................................................................................................. 64
5.4 Korte termijn geheugen ....................................................................................................... 64
5.4.1 Capaciteit KTG ................................................................................................................. 64
5.4.2 Duur KTG ......................................................................................................................... 64
5.4.3 Vergeten in KTG ............................................................................................................... 65
5.4.4 Ophalen in KTG ................................................................................................................ 65
5.5 Werkgeheugenmodel .......................................................................................................... 67
5.5.1 Modaalmodel KTG ........................................................................................................... 67
5.5.2 Dubbeltaakparadigma ..................................................................................................... 67
5.5.3 Werkgeheugenmodel (Baddeley, 2000) .......................................................................... 68
5.5.4 Episodische buffer ........................................................................................................... 69
5.5.5 Fonologische lus .............................................................................................................. 69
5.5.6 Visuospatieel kladblad .................................................................................................... 70
5.5.7 Centrale verwerker .......................................................................................................... 72
5.5.8 Executieve functies .......................................................................................................... 72
3
, 5.6 geheugenmodel Cowam (1988) .......................................................................................... 79
5.6.1 aandachtsfocus: the magical number 4 .......................................................................... 81
6. Langetermijngeheugen ................................................................................................................. 83
6.1 Structuur LTG ....................................................................................................................... 83
6.2 Expliciet geheugen ............................................................................................................... 88
6.3 Semantisch geheugen .......................................................................................................... 88
6.3.1 Schema ............................................................................................................................ 88
6.3.2 Semantisch netwerkmodel.............................................................................................. 89
6.4 Episodisch geheugen ........................................................................................................... 92
6.4.1 Prospectief geheugen .......................................................................................................... 92
6.4.2 Autobiografisch geheugen ................................................................................................... 92
6.4.3 Flitslichtherinneringen (Brown en Kulik (1977).................................................................... 92
6.5 Impliciet geheugen ............................................................................................................ 100
6.5.1 Proceduraal geheugen .................................................................................................. 101
6.5.2 Priming .......................................................................................................................... 103
7. Taal .............................................................................................................................................. 104
7.1 Taalstructuur en -niveaus .................................................................................................. 104
7.1.1 Fonologie ....................................................................................................................... 105
7.1.2 Morfologie ..................................................................................................................... 105
7.1.3 Syntax ............................................................................................................................ 105
7.1.4 Semantiek ...................................................................................................................... 106
7.1.5 Pragmatiek .................................................................................................................... 109
7.2 Aangeboren versus aangeleerd ......................................................................................... 109
7.2.1 Universele grammatica (UG) ......................................................................................... 110
7.2.2 Competentie versus prestatie ....................................................................................... 110
7.2.3 Huidig taalonderzoek .................................................................................................... 111
7.3 Spraak ................................................................................................................................ 111
7.3.1 Spraakproductie ............................................................................................................ 111
7.3.2 Classificatie fonemen in functie van articulatie ............................................................ 112
7.3.3 Spraakperceptie ............................................................................................................ 114
7.3.4 Coarticulatie .................................................................................................................. 114
7.3.5 Woordsegmentatie ........................................................................................................ 115
7.4 Theorieën spraakherkenning ............................................................................................. 116
7.4.1 Motorische theorie ....................................................................................................... 116
7.4.2 Cohortmodel ................................................................................................................. 117
7.4.3 TRACE model ................................................................................................................. 118
4
Prof. Natasha Deroost
2023-2024
Amandine Vico
1
,Inhoud
1. Inleiding........................................................................................................................................... 6
2. Geschiedenis ................................................................................................................................... 8
2.1 Eerste cognitieve psychologen............................................................................................... 8
2.1.1 Franciscus Donders (1868) ................................................................................................ 8
2.1.2 Ebbinghaus (1885)........................................................................................................... 10
2.2 Opkomst behaviourisme...................................................................................................... 11
2.2.1 Cognitieve psychologie versus behaviourisme ................................................................ 11
2.2.2 Eerste helft 20ste eeuw..................................................................................................... 12
2.2.3 Kritiek behaviourisme...................................................................................................... 12
2.2.4 Leerexperimenten ........................................................................................................... 12
2.2.5 Openen black box ............................................................................................................ 13
2.3 Cognitieve revolutie ............................................................................................................. 14
2.3.1 Informatieverwerkingsbenadering .................................................................................. 14
2.3.2 Cognitieve modellering ................................................................................................... 15
2.3.3 Artificiële intelligentie ..................................................................................................... 16
2.3.4 1956: geboortejaar .......................................................................................................... 16
3. Perceptie ....................................................................................................................................... 17
3.1 Wat is perceptie? ................................................................................................................. 17
3.1.1 Interne representatie ...................................................................................................... 18
3.1.2 Van prikkel tot perceptie ................................................................................................. 18
3.2 Psychofysica ......................................................................................................................... 20
3.2.1 Detectiedrempel.............................................................................................................. 20
3.2.2 Verschildrempel............................................................................................................... 21
3.2.3 Schaalproblemen............................................................................................................. 22
3.3 Objectherkenning ................................................................................................................ 23
3.3.1 Bottom-up versus top-down verwerking ........................................................................ 23
3.3.2 Modellen objectherkenning ............................................................................................ 23
3.4 Gezichtsherkenning ............................................................................................................. 29
3.4.1 Prototypische modellen .................................................................................................. 29
3.4.2 Aantrekkelijkheid............................................................................................................. 29
3.4.3 Fusiform face area ........................................................................................................... 30
3.4.4 Perceptuele expertise...................................................................................................... 31
4. Aandacht ....................................................................................................................................... 33
4.1 Wat is aandacht? ......................................................................................................................... 33
4.2 Selectieve aandacht .................................................................................................................... 33
2
, 4.2.1 Change blindness ................................................................................................................. 34
Inattentional blindness.................................................................................................................. 34
Aandacht vs. Oogbewegingen ....................................................................................................... 36
Eigenschappen van selectieve aandacht ....................................................................................... 37
Sociale functie ............................................................................................................................... 40
Vroege versus late selectie ............................................................................................................ 41
4.3 Verdeelde aandacht .................................................................................................................... 49
4.4 Neurale basis aandacht ............................................................................................................... 55
5. Kortetermijngeheugen .................................................................................................................. 58
5.1 Geheugen ............................................................................................................................ 58
5.1.1 William James (1890) ...................................................................................................... 58
5.1.2 KTG vs. LTG ...................................................................................................................... 58
5.1.3 Vrije herinnering (Murdock, 1962) .................................................................................. 58
5.1.4 Dubbelle dissociatie ........................................................................................................ 59
5.1.5 Patiënt H.M. .................................................................................................................... 60
5.2 Modaalmodel ...................................................................................................................... 61
5.2.1 Modaalmodel Atkinson en Shiffrin (1968) ...................................................................... 61
5.2.2 Geheugenprocessen ........................................................................................................ 61
5.3 Sensorisch register............................................................................................................... 62
5.3.1 Iconisch geheugen ........................................................................................................... 62
5.3.2 Echoïsch geheugen (Darwin et al., 1972) ........................................................................ 64
5.3.3 Van SR naar KTG .............................................................................................................. 64
5.4 Korte termijn geheugen ....................................................................................................... 64
5.4.1 Capaciteit KTG ................................................................................................................. 64
5.4.2 Duur KTG ......................................................................................................................... 64
5.4.3 Vergeten in KTG ............................................................................................................... 65
5.4.4 Ophalen in KTG ................................................................................................................ 65
5.5 Werkgeheugenmodel .......................................................................................................... 67
5.5.1 Modaalmodel KTG ........................................................................................................... 67
5.5.2 Dubbeltaakparadigma ..................................................................................................... 67
5.5.3 Werkgeheugenmodel (Baddeley, 2000) .......................................................................... 68
5.5.4 Episodische buffer ........................................................................................................... 69
5.5.5 Fonologische lus .............................................................................................................. 69
5.5.6 Visuospatieel kladblad .................................................................................................... 70
5.5.7 Centrale verwerker .......................................................................................................... 72
5.5.8 Executieve functies .......................................................................................................... 72
3
, 5.6 geheugenmodel Cowam (1988) .......................................................................................... 79
5.6.1 aandachtsfocus: the magical number 4 .......................................................................... 81
6. Langetermijngeheugen ................................................................................................................. 83
6.1 Structuur LTG ....................................................................................................................... 83
6.2 Expliciet geheugen ............................................................................................................... 88
6.3 Semantisch geheugen .......................................................................................................... 88
6.3.1 Schema ............................................................................................................................ 88
6.3.2 Semantisch netwerkmodel.............................................................................................. 89
6.4 Episodisch geheugen ........................................................................................................... 92
6.4.1 Prospectief geheugen .......................................................................................................... 92
6.4.2 Autobiografisch geheugen ................................................................................................... 92
6.4.3 Flitslichtherinneringen (Brown en Kulik (1977).................................................................... 92
6.5 Impliciet geheugen ............................................................................................................ 100
6.5.1 Proceduraal geheugen .................................................................................................. 101
6.5.2 Priming .......................................................................................................................... 103
7. Taal .............................................................................................................................................. 104
7.1 Taalstructuur en -niveaus .................................................................................................. 104
7.1.1 Fonologie ....................................................................................................................... 105
7.1.2 Morfologie ..................................................................................................................... 105
7.1.3 Syntax ............................................................................................................................ 105
7.1.4 Semantiek ...................................................................................................................... 106
7.1.5 Pragmatiek .................................................................................................................... 109
7.2 Aangeboren versus aangeleerd ......................................................................................... 109
7.2.1 Universele grammatica (UG) ......................................................................................... 110
7.2.2 Competentie versus prestatie ....................................................................................... 110
7.2.3 Huidig taalonderzoek .................................................................................................... 111
7.3 Spraak ................................................................................................................................ 111
7.3.1 Spraakproductie ............................................................................................................ 111
7.3.2 Classificatie fonemen in functie van articulatie ............................................................ 112
7.3.3 Spraakperceptie ............................................................................................................ 114
7.3.4 Coarticulatie .................................................................................................................. 114
7.3.5 Woordsegmentatie ........................................................................................................ 115
7.4 Theorieën spraakherkenning ............................................................................................. 116
7.4.1 Motorische theorie ....................................................................................................... 116
7.4.2 Cohortmodel ................................................................................................................. 117
7.4.3 TRACE model ................................................................................................................. 118
4
