UIUC PSYC 230 TEST 1
- ANS-Each LGN acquired some ipsilateral connections and a few contralateral connections
from the eyes.
• Right LGN strategies information from the left sight view
• Left LGN approaches information from the right visual view.
Absolute threshold - ANS-The minimum amount of stimulation important for someone to hit
upon a stimulus 50% of the time
Absorbed - ANS-Energy (e.G., mild) that is taken up, and now not transmitted at all
Accidental point of view - ANS-A viewing function that produces some regularity inside the
visible photo that is not present within the world. Perceptual committees count on viewpoints
aren't accidental
Accommodation - ANS-The procedure in which the lens changes its form, as a result
changing its refractive strength
movement ability - ANS-An ___________________ is created whilst the membrane of a
neuron lets in sodium ions to hurry into the cell, as a result increasing the voltage
Neurons fire in an all or none style for every spike, and the range of spikes in step with 2d
shows how excited the neuron is
• Each _____________ starts close to the cell frame of a neuron and propagates down the
axon toward the axon terminal
Electrochemical process concerning Na+ and K+ ions transferring inside and out of the
neuron
• Entire populations of neurons paintings in concert to system facts
Acuity - ANS-The smallest spatial detail that can be resolved
Adaptation - ANS-A discount in reaction due to previous or continuing stimulation
- An vital technique for deactivating groups of neurons without surgery
- If offered with a stimulus for an prolonged time frame, the brain adapts to it and prevents
responding
Adaptation experiments - ANS-Adaptation experiments offer robust evidence that orientation
and spatial frequency are coded one at a time by means of neurons in the human visible
gadget
- Cats and monkeys: Neurons in striate cortex, not in retina or LGN
Age-associated macular degeneration (AMD): - ANS-A disease related to getting older that
affects the macula.
AMD step by step destroys sharp imperative vision
Macula: The central part of the retina containing the fovea
,• AMD causes imperative vision loss, ensuing in a blind spot inside the sight view known as
a scotoma
Agnosia - ANS-A failure to apprehend items despite being able to see them
Amacrine cells - ANS-- These cells synapse horizontally between bipolar cells and retinal
ganglion cells
- Have been implicated in evaluation enhancement and temporal sensitivity (detecting mild
patterns that change through the years)
(horizontal pathway)
Ambiguous discern - ANS-A visual stimulus that gives rise to two or extra interpretations of
its identification or structure. Perceptual committees have a tendency to obey the legal
guidelines of physics
Aqueous humor - ANS-The watery fluid within the anterior chamber
Astigmatism - ANS-A visible illness resulting from the unequal curving of one or extra of the
refractive surfaces of the eye, typically the cornea
Bipolar cell - ANS-A retinal mobile that synapses with one or extra rods or cones (no longer
both) and with horizontal cells, and then passes the alerts on to ganglion cells
(vertical pathway)
Blindsight - ANS-subconscious residual visible capacities proven by way of cortically blind
sufferers
Blood oxygen stage-based (BOLD) signal - ANS-The ratio of oxygenated to deoxygenated
hemoglobin that permits the localization of mind neurons that are most involved in a
undertaking
Bottom-up vs. Top-down - ANS-Bottom-up
Stimulus pushed
Top-down
Experience-based totally
Camera analogy for the attention - ANS-F-prevent: Iris/student. Regulates the amount of
mild
getting into the eye
Focus: Lens. Changes form to change focus
Film: Retina. Records the photograph
Capturing a photon - ANS-When mild hits a photoreceptor, the method of photoactivation
begins
- all of it takes about a few milliseconds (from catching the photon to sending the message
that a photon has been caught)
- Graded ability vs. Action potential.
Cells in striate cortex - ANS-Cells in striate cortex reply fine to bars of light as opposed to to
spots of light
- Some cells decide on bars of light, some prefer bars of darkish (easy cells)
, - Some cells respond to both bars of mild and dark (complicated cells)
(Hubel & Wiesel Nobel Prize, cats)
Closure - ANS-occurs while an object is incomplete or a area isn't always absolutely
enclosed. If sufficient of the shape is indicated, humans percieve the whole through filling
inside the missing information.
(Gestalt Grouping Principles)
Column - ANS-A vertical association of neurons
- Within every column, all neurons have the same
orientation tuning
- Hubel and Wiesel: Found systematic, innovative exchange in favored orientation as they
moved laterally along the cortex; all orientations were encountered inside a distance of about
0.5 mm
Columns and Hypercolumns - ANS-Each column has a selected orientation desire which is
indicated at the top of every column (and coloration-coded)
Adjacent agencies of columns have a particular ocular dominance—a preference for input
from one eye or the alternative—as indicated at the bottom of the parent
Blobs are indicated as cubes embedded in the hypercolumn
Committee rules - ANS-Honor physics and avoid accidents
Common fate - ANS-Elements that flow within the identical
direction group collectively
Common vicinity - ANS-Elements seemed to be part of a larger place institution collectively
Cones - ANS-- respond quality in high luminance conditions (photoreceptors which can be
specialized for daylight hours vision)
- satisfactory visible acuity and color
- concentrated within the fovea
A cone includes most effective one of the three visual pigmentrespond to long, medium or
brief wavelengths.
~four-five thousands and thousands
Connectedness - ANS-Elements which are linked to
every other group collectively
Consequences of cortical magnification - ANS-- snap shots within the outer edge have much
decrease decision than photos at fixation
---> This can result in visual crowding: the deleterious impact of litter on peripheral item
detection
Continuation - ANS-occurs whilst the attention is pressured to move through one object and
hold to every other object
(Gestalt Grouping Principles)
CONTRAST - ANS-distinction in illumination between an item and the history or among
brighter and dimmer elements of the identical object.
Contrast - ANS-The distinction in illumination between a discern and its historical past
- ANS-Each LGN acquired some ipsilateral connections and a few contralateral connections
from the eyes.
• Right LGN strategies information from the left sight view
• Left LGN approaches information from the right visual view.
Absolute threshold - ANS-The minimum amount of stimulation important for someone to hit
upon a stimulus 50% of the time
Absorbed - ANS-Energy (e.G., mild) that is taken up, and now not transmitted at all
Accidental point of view - ANS-A viewing function that produces some regularity inside the
visible photo that is not present within the world. Perceptual committees count on viewpoints
aren't accidental
Accommodation - ANS-The procedure in which the lens changes its form, as a result
changing its refractive strength
movement ability - ANS-An ___________________ is created whilst the membrane of a
neuron lets in sodium ions to hurry into the cell, as a result increasing the voltage
Neurons fire in an all or none style for every spike, and the range of spikes in step with 2d
shows how excited the neuron is
• Each _____________ starts close to the cell frame of a neuron and propagates down the
axon toward the axon terminal
Electrochemical process concerning Na+ and K+ ions transferring inside and out of the
neuron
• Entire populations of neurons paintings in concert to system facts
Acuity - ANS-The smallest spatial detail that can be resolved
Adaptation - ANS-A discount in reaction due to previous or continuing stimulation
- An vital technique for deactivating groups of neurons without surgery
- If offered with a stimulus for an prolonged time frame, the brain adapts to it and prevents
responding
Adaptation experiments - ANS-Adaptation experiments offer robust evidence that orientation
and spatial frequency are coded one at a time by means of neurons in the human visible
gadget
- Cats and monkeys: Neurons in striate cortex, not in retina or LGN
Age-associated macular degeneration (AMD): - ANS-A disease related to getting older that
affects the macula.
AMD step by step destroys sharp imperative vision
Macula: The central part of the retina containing the fovea
,• AMD causes imperative vision loss, ensuing in a blind spot inside the sight view known as
a scotoma
Agnosia - ANS-A failure to apprehend items despite being able to see them
Amacrine cells - ANS-- These cells synapse horizontally between bipolar cells and retinal
ganglion cells
- Have been implicated in evaluation enhancement and temporal sensitivity (detecting mild
patterns that change through the years)
(horizontal pathway)
Ambiguous discern - ANS-A visual stimulus that gives rise to two or extra interpretations of
its identification or structure. Perceptual committees have a tendency to obey the legal
guidelines of physics
Aqueous humor - ANS-The watery fluid within the anterior chamber
Astigmatism - ANS-A visible illness resulting from the unequal curving of one or extra of the
refractive surfaces of the eye, typically the cornea
Bipolar cell - ANS-A retinal mobile that synapses with one or extra rods or cones (no longer
both) and with horizontal cells, and then passes the alerts on to ganglion cells
(vertical pathway)
Blindsight - ANS-subconscious residual visible capacities proven by way of cortically blind
sufferers
Blood oxygen stage-based (BOLD) signal - ANS-The ratio of oxygenated to deoxygenated
hemoglobin that permits the localization of mind neurons that are most involved in a
undertaking
Bottom-up vs. Top-down - ANS-Bottom-up
Stimulus pushed
Top-down
Experience-based totally
Camera analogy for the attention - ANS-F-prevent: Iris/student. Regulates the amount of
mild
getting into the eye
Focus: Lens. Changes form to change focus
Film: Retina. Records the photograph
Capturing a photon - ANS-When mild hits a photoreceptor, the method of photoactivation
begins
- all of it takes about a few milliseconds (from catching the photon to sending the message
that a photon has been caught)
- Graded ability vs. Action potential.
Cells in striate cortex - ANS-Cells in striate cortex reply fine to bars of light as opposed to to
spots of light
- Some cells decide on bars of light, some prefer bars of darkish (easy cells)
, - Some cells respond to both bars of mild and dark (complicated cells)
(Hubel & Wiesel Nobel Prize, cats)
Closure - ANS-occurs while an object is incomplete or a area isn't always absolutely
enclosed. If sufficient of the shape is indicated, humans percieve the whole through filling
inside the missing information.
(Gestalt Grouping Principles)
Column - ANS-A vertical association of neurons
- Within every column, all neurons have the same
orientation tuning
- Hubel and Wiesel: Found systematic, innovative exchange in favored orientation as they
moved laterally along the cortex; all orientations were encountered inside a distance of about
0.5 mm
Columns and Hypercolumns - ANS-Each column has a selected orientation desire which is
indicated at the top of every column (and coloration-coded)
Adjacent agencies of columns have a particular ocular dominance—a preference for input
from one eye or the alternative—as indicated at the bottom of the parent
Blobs are indicated as cubes embedded in the hypercolumn
Committee rules - ANS-Honor physics and avoid accidents
Common fate - ANS-Elements that flow within the identical
direction group collectively
Common vicinity - ANS-Elements seemed to be part of a larger place institution collectively
Cones - ANS-- respond quality in high luminance conditions (photoreceptors which can be
specialized for daylight hours vision)
- satisfactory visible acuity and color
- concentrated within the fovea
A cone includes most effective one of the three visual pigmentrespond to long, medium or
brief wavelengths.
~four-five thousands and thousands
Connectedness - ANS-Elements which are linked to
every other group collectively
Consequences of cortical magnification - ANS-- snap shots within the outer edge have much
decrease decision than photos at fixation
---> This can result in visual crowding: the deleterious impact of litter on peripheral item
detection
Continuation - ANS-occurs whilst the attention is pressured to move through one object and
hold to every other object
(Gestalt Grouping Principles)
CONTRAST - ANS-distinction in illumination between an item and the history or among
brighter and dimmer elements of the identical object.
Contrast - ANS-The distinction in illumination between a discern and its historical past
