ATLS REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS AND DETAILED ANSWERS
ALREADY GRADED A+
What is the primary goal of treating TBI? How is this done? - answer-preventing secondary brain injury.
This is done by maintaining blood pressure and providing adequate profusion.
After managing ABCDEs of TBI what MUST be identified if present? How is this done? - answer-mass
lesion that requires surgical evacuation is critical! this is done with CT. NOTE: obtaining a CT should not
delay patient transfer to trauma center.
Which brain lobes do the following hold:
1. anterior fossa:
2. middle fossa:
3. posterior fossa: - answer-1. anterior fossa: frontal lobes
2. middle fossa: temporal lobes
3. posterior fossa: lower brainstem and cerebellum
What are the 3 layers of the meninges? - answer-dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
What does the dura mater adhere firmly to? - answer-the skull. it is tough and fibrous
What layer of the meninges splits into two leaves as specific sites to enclose large venous sinuses? What
do these sinuses do? - answer-dura mater.
these sinuses provide major venous drainage from the brain.
What is the midline sinus of of the brain that splits into two sinuses: bilateral transverse and sigmoid
sinus? What side are these bigger on? - answer-The main sinus enclosed by the dura major is the midline
superior sagital sinus. This splits into the sigmoid and bilateral transverse sinuses which are larger on the
right side.
What are the arteries that lie between the skull and the dura mater (epidural space)? - answer-
meningeal arteries.
,What is the most commonly injured meningeal artery and where is it located? - answer-middle
meningeal artery.
Located over the temporal fossa
T/F: the arachnoid mater is fused to the dura mater? - answer-FALSE: not attached. This produces a
potential space for a subdural hematoma
In a subdural hematoma, what is the cause? - answer-injury to bridging veins that extend from brain
surface to the sinuses within the dura.
_______ fills the space between the arachnoid and pia mater? - answer-CSF. this cushions the brain and
spinal cord.
What location of brain hemorrhage is frequently seen in brain contusion or injury to major blood vessels
at base of brain? - answer-subarachnoid.
The ____ and _____ contain the reticular activating system which is responsible for ____. - answer-
midbrain and upper pons
state of alertness
What important function resides in the medulla? - answer-cardiorespiratory centers.
What important functions are in the following brain segments:
1. left hemisphere:
2. frontal lobe:
3. parietal lobe:
4. temporal: - answer-1. left hemisphere: language center
2. frontal lobe: executive function, emotions, motor
3. parietal lobe: sensory function/spatial orientation
4. temporal: memory functions
, What divides the brain into supratentorial and infratentorial compartments? - answer-tentorium
cerebelli. (tent over cerebellum)
What is the physiology behind a blown pupil? - answer-blown pupil: dilation of pupil
-CN III runs along the tentorium cerebelli. parasympathetic fibers that constrict the pupil run along CN III
(oculomotor). When temporal lobe is herniated, it can compress these fibers. Unapposed sympathetic
activity causes pupillary dilation.
What is the tentorial notch/hiatus - answer-this is where the midbrain passes through into the
infratentorial compartment.
what part of the brain most commonly herniates through the tentorial notch? - answer-Uncus (medial
part of temporal lobe)
does weakness occur on the same or opposite side of the uncal herniation? - answer-OPPOSITE. the
corticospinal tract of the midbrain is compressed and then crosses at the foramen magnum.
state: Ipsilateral/contralateral
____ pupillary dilation associated with _____ hemiparesis is the classic sign of uncial herniation. -
answer-ipsi
The monro-kellie doctrine states that the total volume of intracranial contents must remain constant,
because the cranium is ___ - answer-a rigid, non expandable container.
The monro-kellie doctrine states that _____ and _____ may be compressed out of the skull providing a
degree of buffering. - answer-CSF and venous blood.
Once the CSF and venous blood reach a certain level of displacement the ICP rapidly increases.
What is the equation for CPP (cerebral perfusion pressure)? - answer-CPP=MAP-ICP
ALREADY GRADED A+
What is the primary goal of treating TBI? How is this done? - answer-preventing secondary brain injury.
This is done by maintaining blood pressure and providing adequate profusion.
After managing ABCDEs of TBI what MUST be identified if present? How is this done? - answer-mass
lesion that requires surgical evacuation is critical! this is done with CT. NOTE: obtaining a CT should not
delay patient transfer to trauma center.
Which brain lobes do the following hold:
1. anterior fossa:
2. middle fossa:
3. posterior fossa: - answer-1. anterior fossa: frontal lobes
2. middle fossa: temporal lobes
3. posterior fossa: lower brainstem and cerebellum
What are the 3 layers of the meninges? - answer-dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
What does the dura mater adhere firmly to? - answer-the skull. it is tough and fibrous
What layer of the meninges splits into two leaves as specific sites to enclose large venous sinuses? What
do these sinuses do? - answer-dura mater.
these sinuses provide major venous drainage from the brain.
What is the midline sinus of of the brain that splits into two sinuses: bilateral transverse and sigmoid
sinus? What side are these bigger on? - answer-The main sinus enclosed by the dura major is the midline
superior sagital sinus. This splits into the sigmoid and bilateral transverse sinuses which are larger on the
right side.
What are the arteries that lie between the skull and the dura mater (epidural space)? - answer-
meningeal arteries.
,What is the most commonly injured meningeal artery and where is it located? - answer-middle
meningeal artery.
Located over the temporal fossa
T/F: the arachnoid mater is fused to the dura mater? - answer-FALSE: not attached. This produces a
potential space for a subdural hematoma
In a subdural hematoma, what is the cause? - answer-injury to bridging veins that extend from brain
surface to the sinuses within the dura.
_______ fills the space between the arachnoid and pia mater? - answer-CSF. this cushions the brain and
spinal cord.
What location of brain hemorrhage is frequently seen in brain contusion or injury to major blood vessels
at base of brain? - answer-subarachnoid.
The ____ and _____ contain the reticular activating system which is responsible for ____. - answer-
midbrain and upper pons
state of alertness
What important function resides in the medulla? - answer-cardiorespiratory centers.
What important functions are in the following brain segments:
1. left hemisphere:
2. frontal lobe:
3. parietal lobe:
4. temporal: - answer-1. left hemisphere: language center
2. frontal lobe: executive function, emotions, motor
3. parietal lobe: sensory function/spatial orientation
4. temporal: memory functions
, What divides the brain into supratentorial and infratentorial compartments? - answer-tentorium
cerebelli. (tent over cerebellum)
What is the physiology behind a blown pupil? - answer-blown pupil: dilation of pupil
-CN III runs along the tentorium cerebelli. parasympathetic fibers that constrict the pupil run along CN III
(oculomotor). When temporal lobe is herniated, it can compress these fibers. Unapposed sympathetic
activity causes pupillary dilation.
What is the tentorial notch/hiatus - answer-this is where the midbrain passes through into the
infratentorial compartment.
what part of the brain most commonly herniates through the tentorial notch? - answer-Uncus (medial
part of temporal lobe)
does weakness occur on the same or opposite side of the uncal herniation? - answer-OPPOSITE. the
corticospinal tract of the midbrain is compressed and then crosses at the foramen magnum.
state: Ipsilateral/contralateral
____ pupillary dilation associated with _____ hemiparesis is the classic sign of uncial herniation. -
answer-ipsi
The monro-kellie doctrine states that the total volume of intracranial contents must remain constant,
because the cranium is ___ - answer-a rigid, non expandable container.
The monro-kellie doctrine states that _____ and _____ may be compressed out of the skull providing a
degree of buffering. - answer-CSF and venous blood.
Once the CSF and venous blood reach a certain level of displacement the ICP rapidly increases.
What is the equation for CPP (cerebral perfusion pressure)? - answer-CPP=MAP-ICP
