MCAT ADVANCED STUDY GUIDE EXAM.

MCAT ADVANCED STUDY GUIDE EXAM. Phase Diagram - CORRECT ANSWER a graph showing the conditions at which a substance exists as a solid, liquid, or vapor a line separates the regions that correspond to the solid and liquid phases. For most substances, since the solid phase is denser than the liquid, this line has a positive slope. This indicates that it is possible to convert the liquid substance into solid by increasing pressure. Since the opposite is true for water, however, the line between these regions has a negative - or downward-tilting - slope. This hallmark is one easy way to distinguish the phase diagram of water from that of most other compounds. social facilitation - CORRECT ANSWER stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others bystander effect - CORRECT ANSWER the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present bystander effect factors - CORRECT ANSWER individuals do not intervene to help victims when others are present -less likely to notice danger in crowds -take cues from others -degree of responsibility is decreased -cohesiveness of group Deindividuation - CORRECT ANSWER when an individual seems to lose himself or herself in the group's identity social loafing - CORRECT ANSWER the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable group polarization - CORRECT ANSWER the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. doesn't have to be irrational. normative social influence - CORRECT ANSWER behavior that is motivated by the desire to gain social acceptance and approval informational social influence - CORRECT ANSWER influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality Groupthink - CORRECT ANSWER the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. leads to irrational decisions by a group. characteristics of group think - CORRECT ANSWER invulnerability, rationalization, lack of introspection, stereotyping, pressure, lack of disagreement, self-deception, insularity Irving Janis and groupthink - CORRECT ANSWER members of a group are so driven to reach unanimous decisions that they no longer truly evaluate the consequences of their decisions occurs when the groups making decision are isolated and homogeneous, there is a lack of impartial leadership inside or outside the gorup, when there is a high level of pressure for a decision to be made Conformity - CORRECT ANSWER when someone's behavior, beliefs, or thinking changes to line up with the perspective of others compliance - CORRECT ANSWER when the person conforms but internally dissents Conversion - CORRECT ANSWER genuine change in someone's beliefs Asch Experiment - CORRECT ANSWER experimented how people would rather conform than state their own individual answer even though they know the group's answer is wrong, length of lines compliance (requests) - CORRECT ANSWER responses to requests from someone with no power to enforce that request. foot-in-the-door technique - CORRECT ANSWER asking for a small commitment and, after gaining compliance, asking for a bigger commitment door-in-the-face technique - CORRECT ANSWER asking for a large commitment and being refused and then asking for a smaller commitment low-ball technique - CORRECT ANSWER persuasive technique in which the seller of a product starts by quoting a low sales price and then mentions all of the add-on costs once the customer has agreed to purchase the product obidience - CORRECT ANSWER changing one's behavior at the command of an authority figure Milgram Experiment - CORRECT ANSWER an experiment devised in 1961 by Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University, to see how far ordinary people would go to obey a scientific authority figure with giving electric shocks Stanford Prison Experiment (Zimbardo) - CORRECT ANSWER classic "experiment" where individuals were assigned to be guards / prisoners. w/in days they took on their roles and went too far. Highly unethical social norms - CORRECT ANSWER rules, spoken or unspoken, that regulate behavior, beliefs, attitudes, and values of members of society social control - CORRECT ANSWER the way norms are taught, enforced, and perpetuated deviance - CORRECT ANSWER when someone doesn't follow a norm formal vs informal norms - CORRECT ANSWER Formal: -generally written down, like *laws* -precisely defined, publicly presented and have strict penalties for violators informal: generally understood but less precise and carry no specific punishment Folkways - CORRECT ANSWER insignificant informal norms that involve small details, violating them does not cause too much of a problem, example: fashion, wearing socks with sandals mores - CORRECT ANSWER informal norms, which incur severe disapproval when violated. ex: cheating on romantic partner taboos - CORRECT ANSWER even more restrictive norms that generate extreme disapproval. Ex: cannabalism, incest. Driven by culture. Some are forbidden by law and some aren't. Anomie - CORRECT ANSWER Refers to situation where there is a poor match between society's stated norms and the norms that an individual responds to sanctions - CORRECT ANSWER punishment or negative consequences for violating a social norm. Rewards for following social norm. adding a solute to water will ----- bp and ----- mp, - CORRECT ANSWER increase; lower differential association theory - CORRECT ANSWER theory that individuals learn deviance in proportion to number of deviant acts they are exposed to, and deviance is learned socially, draws from symbolic interactionism labeling approach - CORRECT ANSWER focuses on how behavior is affected by being labeled as a deviant. Primary Deviance (Labeling Theory) - CORRECT ANSWER the initial act or attitude that causes one to be labeled deviant secondary deviance (labeling theory) - CORRECT ANSWER subsequent acts of rule breaking that occur after primary deviance and as a result of your new, deviant label, the stigma attached to it and people's expectations of you strain theory - CORRECT ANSWER focuses on the role of social and economic pressures towards deviance. Says that some people would commit crime under straining conditions. Socialization - CORRECT ANSWER how we learn informal and formal norms by interacting with other people and insitutions agents of socialization - CORRECT ANSWER family, education system, mass media, peers, workplace Fads - CORRECT ANSWER a new behavior that suddenly becomes extremely popular, then fades mass hysteria - CORRECT ANSWER irrational fear of a perceived threat, verging on the point of a collective delusion riots - CORRECT ANSWER characterized by large # of people who engage in dangerous behavior, such as vandalism, violence, or other crimes. Deindividation, loss of self identity, occurs. Often violent and targeted against an established institution or authority figure.