Civil FE exam Questions and Answers 100% Pass

Civil FE exam Questions and Answers 100% Pass Gradient - vector that points in the direction of maximum rate of change Acidity - measure of acids in solution caused by the formation of carbonic acid (H2CO3) from carbon dioxide in the air. 4.5<pH, carbonic acid ionized to form bicarbonate 8.3<pH, carbonate ions form Alkalinity - negative ions ability of water to neutralize acids (absorb hydrogen ions) Principal Alkaline ions - OH- CO3-- HCO3- Water hardness - positive ions 2 Katelyn Whitman, All Rights Reserved © 2025 presence of polyvalent metallic cations total hardness - sum of magnesium and calcium expressed as mg/L CaCO3 Carbonate hardness - cations from dissolution of calcium or magnesium carbonate and bicarbonate in water Non carbonate hardness - Also called permanent hardness catiion from calcium and magnesium compounts of sulfate chloride or silicate Irons effect in water - stains porcelain brown clothing titration analysis Manganese effect in water - same as iron Phosphorus effect in water - algae caloremic digestion methods Nitrogen effect in water - can reach large concentration of groundwater 3 Katelyn Whitman, All Rights Reserved © 2025 can cause blue baby syndrome algae water color - caused by true color substances compared to cobolt turbidity - light transmission total solids - residue after evaporation total suspended solids - retained on filter total dissolved solids - pass through stand