CHAPTER 3
Ecosystem
Grade 11 Biology: Ecosystems (Canada
Curriculum)
1. Introduction to Ecosystems
An ecosystem is a community of interacting
organisms and their physical environment. It
includes both biotic (living) and abiotic (non-
living) components that interact in a balanced way.
1.1 Levels of Organization
● Organism: A single living being (e.g., a deer).
● Population: A group of individuals of the same
species in an area.
● Community: All the populations of different
species living together.
● Ecosystem: The community and its interactions
with abiotic factors.
● Biome: Large ecosystems sharing similar
climate and organisms.
● Biosphere: The global sum of all ecosystems.
2. Biotic and Abiotic Factors
● Biotic Factors: Living things (e.g., plants,
animals, bacteria, fungi).
Ecosystem
Grade 11 Biology: Ecosystems (Canada
Curriculum)
1. Introduction to Ecosystems
An ecosystem is a community of interacting
organisms and their physical environment. It
includes both biotic (living) and abiotic (non-
living) components that interact in a balanced way.
1.1 Levels of Organization
● Organism: A single living being (e.g., a deer).
● Population: A group of individuals of the same
species in an area.
● Community: All the populations of different
species living together.
● Ecosystem: The community and its interactions
with abiotic factors.
● Biome: Large ecosystems sharing similar
climate and organisms.
● Biosphere: The global sum of all ecosystems.
2. Biotic and Abiotic Factors
● Biotic Factors: Living things (e.g., plants,
animals, bacteria, fungi).
