Instructor’s Manual: bb
ExerciseSolutions b
for bb
Artificial Intelligence bb
A Modern Approach
bb bb
Second Edition bb
Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig
bb bb bb bb bb
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
bb bb bb bb bb
,Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
bb bb bb bb
Russell, Stuart J. (Stuart Jonathan)
bb bb bb bb
Instructor’s solution manual for artificial intelligence : a modern
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
approach (second edition) / Stuart Russell, Peter Norvig.
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
Includes bibliographical references and index. bb bb bb bb
1. Artificial intelligence I. Norvig, Peter. II. Title.
bb bb bb bb bb bb
Vice President and Editorial Director, ECS: Marcia J. Horton
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
Publisher: Alan R. Apt bb bb bb
Associate Editor: Toni Dianne Holm bb bb bb bb
Editorial Assistant: Patrick Lindner bb bb bb
Vice President and Director of Production and Manufacturing, ESM: David W. Riccardi
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
Executive Managing Editor: Vince O’Brien bb bb bb bb
Managing Editor: Camille Trentacoste
bb bb bb bb
Production Editor: Mary Massey
bb bb bb bb
Manufacturing Manager: Trudy Pisciotti
bb bb bb bb
Manufacturing Buyer: Lisa McDowell
bb bb bb bb
Marketing Manager: Pamela Shaffer
bb bb bb bb
c 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.
b b bb bb bb
Pearson Prentice Hall
bb bb bb
Pearson Education, Inc. bb bb
Upper Saddle River, NJ
b b bb bb bb
07458
bb
All rights reserved. No part of this manual may be reproduced in any form or by any means, without
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
permission in writing from the publisher.
bb bb bb bb bb bb
Pearson Prentice Hall R is a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc.
bb bb bb b b bb bb bb bb bb bb
Printed in the United States of America
bb bb bb bb bb bb
10 b b b b 9 8 b b b b 7 6 b b b b 5 4 b b b b 3 2 b b b b 1
ISBN: 0-13-090376-0 bb
Pearson Education Ltd., London bb bb bb
Pearson Education Australia Pty. Ltd., Sydney
bb bb bb bb bb
Pearson Education Singapore, Pte. Ltd.
bb bb bb bb
Pearson Education North Asia Ltd., Hong
b b bb bb bb bb bb
Kong Pearson Education Canada, Inc.,
bb bb bb bb bb
Toronto Pearson Educacio´n de Mexico,
bb bb bb bb bb
S.A. de C.V. Pearson Education—Japan,
bb bb bb bb bb
Tokyo
bb
Pearson Education Malaysia, Pte. Ltd.
bb bb bb bb
Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
,Preface
This Instructor’s Solution Manual provides solutions (or at least solution sketches)
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
for almost all of the 400 exercises in Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb b b bb bb
(Second Edi- tion). We only give actual code for a few of the programming exercises;
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
writing a lot of code would not be that helpful, if only because we don’t know what
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
language you prefer.
bb bb bb
In many cases, we give ideas for discussion and follow-up questions, and we try to
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
explain why we designed each exercise.
bb bb bb bb bb bb
There is more supplementary material that we want to offer to the instructor, but
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
we have decided to do it through the medium of the World Wide Web rather than
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
through a CD or printed Instructor’s Manual. The idea is that this solution manual contains
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
the material that must be kept secret from students, but the Web site contains material that
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
can be updated and added to in a more timely fashion. The address for the web site is:
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu
and the address for the online Instructor’s Guide is:
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/instructors.html
There you will find:
bb bb bb
Instructions on how to join the aima-instructors discussion list. We strongly
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb b b bb
recom- mend that you join so that you can receive updates, corrections,
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
notification of new versions of this Solutions Manual, additional exercises and
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
exam questions, etc., in a timely manner.
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
Source code for programs from the text. We offer code in Lisp, Python, and Java,
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
and point to code developed by others in C++ and Prolog.
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
Programming resources and supplemental texts. bb bb bb bb
Figures from the text; for overhead transparencies.
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
Terminology from the index of the book.
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
Other courses using the book that have home pages on the Web. You can see
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
example syllabi and assignments here. Please do not put solution sets for AIMA
bb bb bb bb bb b b bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
exercises on public web pages!
bb bb bb bb bb
AI Education information on teaching introductory AI courses.
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
Other sites on the Web with information on AI. Organized by chapter in the book;
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
check this for supplemental material.
bb bb bb bb bb
We welcome suggestions for new exercises, new environments and agents, etc.
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
The book belongs to you, the instructor, as much as us. We hope that you enjoy teaching
b b bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
from it, that these supplemental materials help, and that you will share your supplements
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
and experi- ences with other instructors.
bb bb bb bb bb bb
iii
,
ExerciseSolutions b
for bb
Artificial Intelligence bb
A Modern Approach
bb bb
Second Edition bb
Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig
bb bb bb bb bb
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
bb bb bb bb bb
,Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
bb bb bb bb
Russell, Stuart J. (Stuart Jonathan)
bb bb bb bb
Instructor’s solution manual for artificial intelligence : a modern
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
approach (second edition) / Stuart Russell, Peter Norvig.
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
Includes bibliographical references and index. bb bb bb bb
1. Artificial intelligence I. Norvig, Peter. II. Title.
bb bb bb bb bb bb
Vice President and Editorial Director, ECS: Marcia J. Horton
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
Publisher: Alan R. Apt bb bb bb
Associate Editor: Toni Dianne Holm bb bb bb bb
Editorial Assistant: Patrick Lindner bb bb bb
Vice President and Director of Production and Manufacturing, ESM: David W. Riccardi
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
Executive Managing Editor: Vince O’Brien bb bb bb bb
Managing Editor: Camille Trentacoste
bb bb bb bb
Production Editor: Mary Massey
bb bb bb bb
Manufacturing Manager: Trudy Pisciotti
bb bb bb bb
Manufacturing Buyer: Lisa McDowell
bb bb bb bb
Marketing Manager: Pamela Shaffer
bb bb bb bb
c 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.
b b bb bb bb
Pearson Prentice Hall
bb bb bb
Pearson Education, Inc. bb bb
Upper Saddle River, NJ
b b bb bb bb
07458
bb
All rights reserved. No part of this manual may be reproduced in any form or by any means, without
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
permission in writing from the publisher.
bb bb bb bb bb bb
Pearson Prentice Hall R is a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc.
bb bb bb b b bb bb bb bb bb bb
Printed in the United States of America
bb bb bb bb bb bb
10 b b b b 9 8 b b b b 7 6 b b b b 5 4 b b b b 3 2 b b b b 1
ISBN: 0-13-090376-0 bb
Pearson Education Ltd., London bb bb bb
Pearson Education Australia Pty. Ltd., Sydney
bb bb bb bb bb
Pearson Education Singapore, Pte. Ltd.
bb bb bb bb
Pearson Education North Asia Ltd., Hong
b b bb bb bb bb bb
Kong Pearson Education Canada, Inc.,
bb bb bb bb bb
Toronto Pearson Educacio´n de Mexico,
bb bb bb bb bb
S.A. de C.V. Pearson Education—Japan,
bb bb bb bb bb
Tokyo
bb
Pearson Education Malaysia, Pte. Ltd.
bb bb bb bb
Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
,Preface
This Instructor’s Solution Manual provides solutions (or at least solution sketches)
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
for almost all of the 400 exercises in Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb b b bb bb
(Second Edi- tion). We only give actual code for a few of the programming exercises;
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
writing a lot of code would not be that helpful, if only because we don’t know what
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
language you prefer.
bb bb bb
In many cases, we give ideas for discussion and follow-up questions, and we try to
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
explain why we designed each exercise.
bb bb bb bb bb bb
There is more supplementary material that we want to offer to the instructor, but
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
we have decided to do it through the medium of the World Wide Web rather than
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
through a CD or printed Instructor’s Manual. The idea is that this solution manual contains
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
the material that must be kept secret from students, but the Web site contains material that
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
can be updated and added to in a more timely fashion. The address for the web site is:
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu
and the address for the online Instructor’s Guide is:
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/instructors.html
There you will find:
bb bb bb
Instructions on how to join the aima-instructors discussion list. We strongly
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb b b bb
recom- mend that you join so that you can receive updates, corrections,
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
notification of new versions of this Solutions Manual, additional exercises and
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
exam questions, etc., in a timely manner.
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
Source code for programs from the text. We offer code in Lisp, Python, and Java,
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
and point to code developed by others in C++ and Prolog.
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
Programming resources and supplemental texts. bb bb bb bb
Figures from the text; for overhead transparencies.
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
Terminology from the index of the book.
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
Other courses using the book that have home pages on the Web. You can see
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
example syllabi and assignments here. Please do not put solution sets for AIMA
bb bb bb bb bb b b bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
exercises on public web pages!
bb bb bb bb bb
AI Education information on teaching introductory AI courses.
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
Other sites on the Web with information on AI. Organized by chapter in the book;
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
check this for supplemental material.
bb bb bb bb bb
We welcome suggestions for new exercises, new environments and agents, etc.
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
The book belongs to you, the instructor, as much as us. We hope that you enjoy teaching
b b bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
from it, that these supplemental materials help, and that you will share your supplements
bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb bb
and experi- ences with other instructors.
bb bb bb bb bb bb
iii
,