, NinthEdition
l
Electronics
Principles & Applications
l l
Charles A. Schuler
l l
,ELECTRONICS:l PRINCIPLESl ANDl APPLICATIONS,l NINTHl EDITION
PublishedlbylMcGraw-HilllEducation,l2lPennlPlaza,lNewlYork,lNYl10121.lCopyrightl©l2019lbylMcGraw-
HilllEducation.lAlllrightslreserved.lPrintedlinlthelUnitedlStatesloflAmerica.lPreviousleditionsl©l2013,l2008,landl2
003.lNolpartloflthislpublicationlmaylbelreproducedlorldistributedlinlanylformlorlbylanylmeans,lorlstoredlinlalda-
ltabase l orl retrievall system,l withoutl the l priorl written l consent l ofl McGraw-
Hilll Education,l including,l butl notl limitedlto,linlanylnetworklorlotherlelectroniclstoragelorltransmission,lorlbroadc
astlforldistancellearning.
Somel ancillaries,l includingl electronicl andl printl components,l mayl notl bel availablel tol customersl outsidel thel UnitedlSt
ates.
Thislbooklislprintedlonlacid-
freelpaper.l1l2l3l4l5l6l7l8l9lLWIl21l20l1
9l18
ISBNl 978-0-07-337383-6
MHIDl 0-07-337383-4
Seniorl Portfoliol Manager:l Thomasl Scaife,l PhD
Productl Developer:l TinalBower
Marketingl Manager:l Shannonl O’Donnell
Contentl Projectl Managers:l Ryanl Warczynski,l Sandral Schnee
SeniorlBuyer:lSandylLudovissy
Seniorl Contentl Licensingl Specialist:l Deannal DausenerlCo
verlImage:l©IngramlPublishing/SuperStocklCompositor
:lMPSlLimited
Alllcreditslappearinglonlpagelorlatlthelendloflthelbooklarelconsideredltolbelanlextensionloflthelcopyrightlpage.
LibraryloflCongresslCataloging-in-PublicationlData
Schuler,lCharleslA.,lauthor.
Electronicsl:lprinciplesl&lapplicationsl/lCharleslA.lSchuler.lNint
hl edition.l |l Newl York,l NYl :l McGraw-Hilll Education,l [2018]
LCCNl 2017039730|l ISBNl 9780073373836l (acid-freel paper)l |l ISBN
0073373834l (acid-
freel paper)lLCSH:lElectronics.
LCClTK7816l.S355l2018l|lDDCl621.381—dc23
LCl recordl availablel atl https://lccn.loc.gov/2017039730
ThelInternetladdressesllistedlinltheltextlwerelaccuratelatltheltimeloflpublication.lThelinclusionloflalwebsiteldoesln
otlindicatelanlendorsementlbylthelauthorslorlMcGraw-HilllEducation,landlMcGraw-
HilllEducationldoeslnotlguaranteelthelaccuracyloflthelinformationlpresentedlatltheselsites.
mheducation.com/highered
, l
Contents
Editor’slForeword ...................................................................... v Chapterl 5lll Transistors 105
Preface ...........................................................................................vi
Walkthrough ............................................................................ viii 5-1 Amplification .......................................................... 105
Acknowledgments .................................................................. xii 5-2 Transistors .............................................................. 107
Safety........................................................................................... xiii 5-3 CharacteristiclCurves .......................................... 113
5-4 TransistorlData ...................................................... 117
Chapterl 1l Introduction 1 5-5 TransistorlTesting ................................................ 119
5-6 OtherlTransistorlTypes ....................................... 122
1-1 AlBrieflHistory..............................................................1 5-7 PowerlTransistors ................................................ 126
1-2 DigitallorlAnalog..........................................................4 5-8 TransistorslaslSwitches ...................................... 138
1-3 AnaloglFunctions ........................................................7
1-4 CircuitslwithlBothlDClandlAC..................................9 Chapterl 6lll Introductionltol Small-Signall Amplifiersl 149
1-5 TrendslinlElectronics.............................................. 14
6-1 MeasuringlGain ...................................................... 149
Chapterl 2lll Semiconductors 20 6-2 Common-EmitterlAmplifier .............................. 157
6-3 StabilizinglthelAmplifier ..................................... 164
2-1 ConductorslandlInsulators ................................... 20 6-4 OtherlConfigurations ........................................... 170
2-2 Semiconductors ....................................................... 23 6-5 SimulationlandlModels ........................................ 176
2-3 N-TypelSemiconductors ....................................... 26
2-4 P-TypelSemiconductors ........................................ 27 Chapterl 7lll Morel aboutl Small-Signall Amplifiers 184
2-5 MajoritylandlMinoritylCarriers ........................... 28
2-6 OtherlMaterials......................................................... 30 7-1 AmplifierlCoupling ............................................... 184
2-7 BandlGaps ................................................................... 30 7-2 VoltagelGainlinlCoupledlStages......................... 190
7-3 Field-EffectlTransistorlAmplifiers .................. 198
Chapterl 3lll Diodes 34 7-4 NegativelFeedback................................................ 205
7-5 FrequencylResponse ............................................ 212
3-1 ThelPNlJunction ........................................................ 34 7-6 PositivelFeedback ................................................. 217
3-2 CharacteristiclCurvesloflDiodes.......................... 38
3-3 DiodelLeadlIdentification ..................................... 41 Chapterl 8lll Large-Signall Amplifiers 225
3-4 DiodelTypeslandlApplications............................. 45
3-5 PhotovoltaiclEnergylSources............................... 56 8-1 AmplifierlClass ....................................................... 225
8-2 ClasslAlPowerlAmplifiers.................................... 229
Chapterl 4lll Powerl Supplies 65 8-3 ClasslBlPowerlAmplifiers.................................... 233
8-4 ClasslABlPowerlAmplifiers................................. 238
4-1 ThelPower-SupplylSystem ................................... 65 8-5 ClasslClPowerlAmplifiers .................................... 243
4-2 Rectification............................................................... 66 8-6 Switch-ModelAmplifiers ..................................... 248
4-3 Full-WavelRectification ......................................... 68
4-4 ConversionloflRMSlValues Chapterl 9lll Operationall Amplifiers 257
tolAveragelValues .................................................... 71 ThelDifferentiallAmplifier .................................. 257
4-5 Filters ........................................................................... 76 9-2 DifferentiallAmplifierlAnalysis......................... 261
4-6 VoltagelMultipliers.................................................. 81 9-3 OperationallAmplifiers ....................................... 266
4-7 RipplelandlRegulation ............................................ 86 9-4 SettinglOp-AmplGain............................................ 271
4-8 ZenerlRegulators ..................................................... 88 9-5 FrequencylEffectslinlOplAmps .......................... 277
4-9 Troubleshooting ...................................................... 91 9-6 Op-AmplApplications .......................................... 280
4-10 ReplacementlParts .................................................. 95 9-7 Comparators ........................................................... 298
9-1 l
Contents iii
l
Electronics
Principles & Applications
l l
Charles A. Schuler
l l
,ELECTRONICS:l PRINCIPLESl ANDl APPLICATIONS,l NINTHl EDITION
PublishedlbylMcGraw-HilllEducation,l2lPennlPlaza,lNewlYork,lNYl10121.lCopyrightl©l2019lbylMcGraw-
HilllEducation.lAlllrightslreserved.lPrintedlinlthelUnitedlStatesloflAmerica.lPreviousleditionsl©l2013,l2008,landl2
003.lNolpartloflthislpublicationlmaylbelreproducedlorldistributedlinlanylformlorlbylanylmeans,lorlstoredlinlalda-
ltabase l orl retrievall system,l withoutl the l priorl written l consent l ofl McGraw-
Hilll Education,l including,l butl notl limitedlto,linlanylnetworklorlotherlelectroniclstoragelorltransmission,lorlbroadc
astlforldistancellearning.
Somel ancillaries,l includingl electronicl andl printl components,l mayl notl bel availablel tol customersl outsidel thel UnitedlSt
ates.
Thislbooklislprintedlonlacid-
freelpaper.l1l2l3l4l5l6l7l8l9lLWIl21l20l1
9l18
ISBNl 978-0-07-337383-6
MHIDl 0-07-337383-4
Seniorl Portfoliol Manager:l Thomasl Scaife,l PhD
Productl Developer:l TinalBower
Marketingl Manager:l Shannonl O’Donnell
Contentl Projectl Managers:l Ryanl Warczynski,l Sandral Schnee
SeniorlBuyer:lSandylLudovissy
Seniorl Contentl Licensingl Specialist:l Deannal DausenerlCo
verlImage:l©IngramlPublishing/SuperStocklCompositor
:lMPSlLimited
Alllcreditslappearinglonlpagelorlatlthelendloflthelbooklarelconsideredltolbelanlextensionloflthelcopyrightlpage.
LibraryloflCongresslCataloging-in-PublicationlData
Schuler,lCharleslA.,lauthor.
Electronicsl:lprinciplesl&lapplicationsl/lCharleslA.lSchuler.lNint
hl edition.l |l Newl York,l NYl :l McGraw-Hilll Education,l [2018]
LCCNl 2017039730|l ISBNl 9780073373836l (acid-freel paper)l |l ISBN
0073373834l (acid-
freel paper)lLCSH:lElectronics.
LCClTK7816l.S355l2018l|lDDCl621.381—dc23
LCl recordl availablel atl https://lccn.loc.gov/2017039730
ThelInternetladdressesllistedlinltheltextlwerelaccuratelatltheltimeloflpublication.lThelinclusionloflalwebsiteldoesln
otlindicatelanlendorsementlbylthelauthorslorlMcGraw-HilllEducation,landlMcGraw-
HilllEducationldoeslnotlguaranteelthelaccuracyloflthelinformationlpresentedlatltheselsites.
mheducation.com/highered
, l
Contents
Editor’slForeword ...................................................................... v Chapterl 5lll Transistors 105
Preface ...........................................................................................vi
Walkthrough ............................................................................ viii 5-1 Amplification .......................................................... 105
Acknowledgments .................................................................. xii 5-2 Transistors .............................................................. 107
Safety........................................................................................... xiii 5-3 CharacteristiclCurves .......................................... 113
5-4 TransistorlData ...................................................... 117
Chapterl 1l Introduction 1 5-5 TransistorlTesting ................................................ 119
5-6 OtherlTransistorlTypes ....................................... 122
1-1 AlBrieflHistory..............................................................1 5-7 PowerlTransistors ................................................ 126
1-2 DigitallorlAnalog..........................................................4 5-8 TransistorslaslSwitches ...................................... 138
1-3 AnaloglFunctions ........................................................7
1-4 CircuitslwithlBothlDClandlAC..................................9 Chapterl 6lll Introductionltol Small-Signall Amplifiersl 149
1-5 TrendslinlElectronics.............................................. 14
6-1 MeasuringlGain ...................................................... 149
Chapterl 2lll Semiconductors 20 6-2 Common-EmitterlAmplifier .............................. 157
6-3 StabilizinglthelAmplifier ..................................... 164
2-1 ConductorslandlInsulators ................................... 20 6-4 OtherlConfigurations ........................................... 170
2-2 Semiconductors ....................................................... 23 6-5 SimulationlandlModels ........................................ 176
2-3 N-TypelSemiconductors ....................................... 26
2-4 P-TypelSemiconductors ........................................ 27 Chapterl 7lll Morel aboutl Small-Signall Amplifiers 184
2-5 MajoritylandlMinoritylCarriers ........................... 28
2-6 OtherlMaterials......................................................... 30 7-1 AmplifierlCoupling ............................................... 184
2-7 BandlGaps ................................................................... 30 7-2 VoltagelGainlinlCoupledlStages......................... 190
7-3 Field-EffectlTransistorlAmplifiers .................. 198
Chapterl 3lll Diodes 34 7-4 NegativelFeedback................................................ 205
7-5 FrequencylResponse ............................................ 212
3-1 ThelPNlJunction ........................................................ 34 7-6 PositivelFeedback ................................................. 217
3-2 CharacteristiclCurvesloflDiodes.......................... 38
3-3 DiodelLeadlIdentification ..................................... 41 Chapterl 8lll Large-Signall Amplifiers 225
3-4 DiodelTypeslandlApplications............................. 45
3-5 PhotovoltaiclEnergylSources............................... 56 8-1 AmplifierlClass ....................................................... 225
8-2 ClasslAlPowerlAmplifiers.................................... 229
Chapterl 4lll Powerl Supplies 65 8-3 ClasslBlPowerlAmplifiers.................................... 233
8-4 ClasslABlPowerlAmplifiers................................. 238
4-1 ThelPower-SupplylSystem ................................... 65 8-5 ClasslClPowerlAmplifiers .................................... 243
4-2 Rectification............................................................... 66 8-6 Switch-ModelAmplifiers ..................................... 248
4-3 Full-WavelRectification ......................................... 68
4-4 ConversionloflRMSlValues Chapterl 9lll Operationall Amplifiers 257
tolAveragelValues .................................................... 71 ThelDifferentiallAmplifier .................................. 257
4-5 Filters ........................................................................... 76 9-2 DifferentiallAmplifierlAnalysis......................... 261
4-6 VoltagelMultipliers.................................................. 81 9-3 OperationallAmplifiers ....................................... 266
4-7 RipplelandlRegulation ............................................ 86 9-4 SettinglOp-AmplGain............................................ 271
4-8 ZenerlRegulators ..................................................... 88 9-5 FrequencylEffectslinlOplAmps .......................... 277
4-9 Troubleshooting ...................................................... 91 9-6 Op-AmplApplications .......................................... 280
4-10 ReplacementlParts .................................................. 95 9-7 Comparators ........................................................... 298
9-1 l
Contents iii
