HESI PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2025 EXIT EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+ < LATEST VERSION >

HESI PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2025 EXIT EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+ &lt; LATEST VERSION &gt; 1. After talking w/ the HCP, a male pt continues to have questions about the results of a prostatic surface antigen (PSA) screening test and asks the nurse how the PSA levels become elevated. The nurse should explain which pathophysiological mechanism? - ANSWER As the prostate gland enlarges, its cells contribute more PSA in the circulating blood 2. Which of the following pathophysiological mechanisms is associated with the development of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)? A) Chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa B) Excessive production of gastric acid by parietal cells C) Dysfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter D) Impaired motility of the esophagus - ANSWER c) dysfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter 3. What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism underlying systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)? A) Chronic inflammation and immune complex deposition in various tissues B) Degeneration of neurons in the central nervous system C) Excessive production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland D) Impaired blood clotting due to deficiency of clotting factors - ANSWER a) chronic inflammation and immune complex deposition in various tissues 4. Which of the following pathophysiological mechanisms is responsible for the development of rheumatic heart disease? A) Chronic inflammation and scarring of heart valves B) Excessive production of thyroid hormone C) Autoimmune destruction of cardiac muscle cells D) Impaired electrical conduction in the heart - ANSWER a) chronic inflammation and scarring of heart valves 5. What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism underlying cystitis? A) Obstruction of the urinary tract by kidney stones B) Bacterial infection of the bladder wall C) Chronic inflammation of the urethra D) Impaired filtration by the glomeruli in the kidney - ANSWER b) bacterial infection of the bladder wall 6. Which of the following pathophysiological changes is characteristic of anemia? A) Excessive production of red blood cells by the bone marrow B) Decreased hemoglobin concentration in the blood C) Impaired coagulation of blood D) Chronic inflammation of blood vessels - ANSWER b) decreased hgb concentration in the blood 7. What is the primary cause of osteoarthritis? A) Autoimmune attack on joint tissues B) Excessive production of uric acid crystals in the joints C) Degeneration of articular cartilage due to mechanical stress D) Impaired blood supply to the joints - ANSWER c) degeneration of articular cartilage due to mechanical stress 8. Which of the following pathophysiological mechanisms is primarily responsible for the development of atherosclerosis? A) Chronic inflammation of the arterial walls B) Excessive production of LDL cholesterol by the liver C) Impaired contraction of smooth muscle cells in the arteries D) Dysfunction of heart valves - ANSWER a) chronic inflammation of the arterial walls 9. What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism underlying asthma exacerbations? A) Chronic bronchoconstriction due to increased parasympathetic activity B) Airway inflammation and bronchospasm triggered by allergens or irritants C) Excessive production of mucus in the bronchial tree D) Degeneration of alveolar walls leading to airflow limitation - ANSWER b) airway inflammation and bronchospasm triggered by allergens or irritants 10. Which of the following pathophysiological changes is characteristic of chronic gastritis? A) Degeneration of gastric mucosa due to excessive acid production B) Chronic inflammation and erosion of the gastric mucosa C) Impaired motility of the stomach leading to delayed emptying D) Dysfunction of the pyloric sphincter causing gastric reflux - ANSWER b) chronic inflammation and erosion of the gastric mucosa 11. What is the primary cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? A) Chronic exposure to tobacco smoke and other environmental pollutants B) Autoimmune destruction of alveolar walls C) Impaired surfactant production by type II alveolar cells D) Chronic inflammation of the bronchial tree - ANSWER a) chronic exposure to tobacco smoke and other environmental pollutants 12. Which of the following pathophysiological mechanisms is associated with the development of diabetic neuropathy? A) Chronic inflammation of peripheral nerves B) Autoimmune attack on nerve cells in the spinal cord C) Impaired blood supply to peripheral nerves D) Hyperglycemia-induced nerve damage and dysfunction - ANSWER d) hyperglycemia-induced nerve damage and dysfunction 13. Which of the following pathophysiological mechanisms is responsible for the development of gout? A) Excessive production of uric acid due to purine metabolism abnormalities B) Chronic inflammation of the synovial membrane in the joints C) Autoimmune attack on joint tissues D) Degeneration of articular cartilage - ANSWER a) excessive production of uric acid due to purine metabolism abnormalites 14. What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism underlying hypothyroidism? A) Autoimmune destruction of thyroid gland tissue B) Excessive production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland C) Dysfunction of the hypothalamus leading to decreased TRH secretion D) Impaired conversion of T4 to T3 in peripheral tissues - ANSWER a) autoimmune production of thyroid gland tissue 15. Which of the following pathophysiological changes is characteristic of Crohn's disease? A) Ulceration and inflammation of the mucosal lining of the colon B) Chronic inflammation and transmural involvement of the intestinal wall C) Dysfunction of the ileocecal valve causing reflux of colonic contents D) Excessive production of mucus by intestinal goblet cells - ANSWER � � b) chronic inflammation and transmural involvement of the intestinal wall 16. What is the primary cause of chronic pancreatitis? A) Autoimmune attack on pancreatic acinar cells B) Chronic alcohol abuse and gallstone obstruction of the pancreatic duct C) Impaired blood supply to the pancreas D) Dysfunction of pancreatic islet cells leading to insulin deficiency - ANSWER b) chronic alcohol abuse and gallstone obstruction of the pancreatic duct 17. What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism underlying hypertension? A) Excessive production of aldosterone by the adrenal glands B) Chronic inflammation of blood vessel walls c) Dysfunction of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) C) Impaired baroreceptor function in the carotid sinus - ANSWER c) dysfunction of the renin-angiotensin-aldosternoe system (RAAS) 18. What is the primary cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in individuals with diabetes mellitus? A) Obstruction of urinary flow due to kidney stones B) Chronic inflammation and infection of renal tubules C) Progressive loss of nephrons and renal function over time D) Impaired blood supply to the kidneys - ANSWER c) progressive loss of nephrons and renal function over time 19. What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism underlying chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? A) Chronic inflammation and narrowing of the bronchial airways B) Autoimmune attack on alveolar walls C) Excessive production of mucus by bronchial glands D) Degeneration of lung tissue due to aging - ANSWER a) chronic inflammation and narrowing of the bronchial airways 20. What is the primary cause of chronic liver cirrhosis? A) Chronic alcohol abuse and viral hepatitis infection B) Autoimmune attack on hepatocytes C) Impaired blood supply to the liver D) Excessive production of bile by hepatocytes - ANSWER a) chronic alcohol abuse and viral hepatitis infection 21. What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism underlying hyperthyroidism? A) Autoimmune stimulation of thyroid hormone production B) Impaired conversion of T4 to T3 in peripheral tissues C) Dysfunction of the hypothalamus leading to decreased TRH secretion D) Excessive iodine intake leading to thyroid hormone overproduction - ANSWER a) autoimmune stimulation of thyroid hormone production 22. Which of the following pathophysiological changes is associated with the development of diverticulitis? A) Chronic inflammation and infection of the colonic mucosa B) Excessive production of mucus by intestinal goblet cells C) Dysfunction of the ileocecal valve causing reflux of colonic contents