Pathophysiology Exam 2 Rasmussen University
Winter questions with verified answers
Acromegaly Ans✓✓✓ increased bone size caused by excessive growth hormone
levels in adulthood
Acute gastritis Ans✓✓✓ Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it can be a severe
ulceration with hemorrhage
Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be accompanied by nausea and
epigastric pain
acute glomerulonephritis Ans✓✓✓ • Bilateral inflammatory disorder of the
glomeruli that typically follows a streptococcal infection.
• Affects men more than women.
• Leading cause of renal failure.
• Inflammatory changes impair the kidneys' ability to excrete waste and excess
fluid.
• May be acute or chronic.
• Nephrotic and nephritic syndromes are the most prevalent forms.
Acute kidney injury Ans✓✓✓ • Sudden loss of renal function
• Generally reversible
• Most commonly occurs in critically ill, hospitalized patients
Acute pancreatitis Ans✓✓✓ • Considered a medical emergency.
,• Mortality increases with advancing age and comorbidity.
• Complications: acute respiratory distress syndrome, diabetes mellitus, infection,
shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, renal failure, malnutrition,
pancreatic cancer, pseudocyst, and abscess
Manifestations of acute pancreatitis are usually sudden and severe:
• Upper abdominal pain that radiates to the back, worsens after eating, and is
somewhat relieved by leaning forward or pulling the knees toward the chest
• Nausea and vomiting
• Mild jaundice
Low-grade fever
Blood pressure and pulse changes
Acute Renal Failure Treatment Ans✓✓✓ Treatment
• Correct fluid and electrolyte imbalances
• Dialysis
• A diet high in calories and restricted in protein, sodium, potassium, and
phosphates
• Hypertension management
• Anemia treatment with synthetic erythropoietin
• Infection prevention strategies
Addison's disease (adrenal insufficiency) Ans✓✓✓ • Deficiency of adrenal cortex
hormones (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens)
,• Causes: autoimmune conditions, infections, hemorrhage, tumors, and pituitary
dysfunction that results in insufficient ACTH levels
• Manifestations: hypotension, changes in heart rate, hypoglycemia, chronic
diarrhea, hyperpigmentation, pallor, extreme weakness, fatigue, anorexia, mouth
lesions on the inside of a cheek, nausea, vomiting, salt craving, slow and sluggish
movement, unintentional weight loss, mood changes, depression, and
hyperkalemia
• Treatment: lifelong hormone replacement therapy, wear a medical alert
bracelet, and carry extra medication at all times
Appendicitis Ans✓✓✓ is inflammation of the vermiform appendix
caused by infection
Symptoms are pain near right quadrant of the abdomen, nausea, vomiting, fever,
chills, abdominal distention, and bowel pattern changes.
• Sharp abdominal pain develops, gradually intensifies (over about 12-24 hours),
and becomes localized to the lower right quadrant of the abdomen (McBurney
point).
• Complications: abscesses, peritonitis, gangrene, and death.
• Treatment
• Surgery, either laparoscopic or open, and may include extensive irrigation.
, • Drainage tubes.
• Long-term antibiotic therapy.
• Analgesics.
• Avoid activities that increase intra-abdominal pressure (e.g., straining and
coughing).
Autosomal dominant PKD Ans✓✓✓ • Mutation on the short arm of
chromosomes 4 and 16.
• Occurs in both children and adults, but is much more common in adults.
• Symptoms often do not show up until middle age.
Autosomal recessive PKD Ans✓✓✓ • Less common and more serious
• Appears in infancy or childhood
• Progresses rapidly, resulting in end-stage kidney failure and generally causing
death in infancy or childhood
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) Ans✓✓✓ common nonmalignant
enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as men age, usually appearing by
age 50.
Clinical manifestations are frequency, urgency, urinary retention, difficulty
initiating urination, weak urinary stream, dribbling urine, nocturia, bladder
distention, overflow incontinence, erectile dysfunction.
bowel obstructions Ans✓✓✓ Blockage of intestinal contents in the small
intestine or large intestine
Winter questions with verified answers
Acromegaly Ans✓✓✓ increased bone size caused by excessive growth hormone
levels in adulthood
Acute gastritis Ans✓✓✓ Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it can be a severe
ulceration with hemorrhage
Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be accompanied by nausea and
epigastric pain
acute glomerulonephritis Ans✓✓✓ • Bilateral inflammatory disorder of the
glomeruli that typically follows a streptococcal infection.
• Affects men more than women.
• Leading cause of renal failure.
• Inflammatory changes impair the kidneys' ability to excrete waste and excess
fluid.
• May be acute or chronic.
• Nephrotic and nephritic syndromes are the most prevalent forms.
Acute kidney injury Ans✓✓✓ • Sudden loss of renal function
• Generally reversible
• Most commonly occurs in critically ill, hospitalized patients
Acute pancreatitis Ans✓✓✓ • Considered a medical emergency.
,• Mortality increases with advancing age and comorbidity.
• Complications: acute respiratory distress syndrome, diabetes mellitus, infection,
shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, renal failure, malnutrition,
pancreatic cancer, pseudocyst, and abscess
Manifestations of acute pancreatitis are usually sudden and severe:
• Upper abdominal pain that radiates to the back, worsens after eating, and is
somewhat relieved by leaning forward or pulling the knees toward the chest
• Nausea and vomiting
• Mild jaundice
Low-grade fever
Blood pressure and pulse changes
Acute Renal Failure Treatment Ans✓✓✓ Treatment
• Correct fluid and electrolyte imbalances
• Dialysis
• A diet high in calories and restricted in protein, sodium, potassium, and
phosphates
• Hypertension management
• Anemia treatment with synthetic erythropoietin
• Infection prevention strategies
Addison's disease (adrenal insufficiency) Ans✓✓✓ • Deficiency of adrenal cortex
hormones (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens)
,• Causes: autoimmune conditions, infections, hemorrhage, tumors, and pituitary
dysfunction that results in insufficient ACTH levels
• Manifestations: hypotension, changes in heart rate, hypoglycemia, chronic
diarrhea, hyperpigmentation, pallor, extreme weakness, fatigue, anorexia, mouth
lesions on the inside of a cheek, nausea, vomiting, salt craving, slow and sluggish
movement, unintentional weight loss, mood changes, depression, and
hyperkalemia
• Treatment: lifelong hormone replacement therapy, wear a medical alert
bracelet, and carry extra medication at all times
Appendicitis Ans✓✓✓ is inflammation of the vermiform appendix
caused by infection
Symptoms are pain near right quadrant of the abdomen, nausea, vomiting, fever,
chills, abdominal distention, and bowel pattern changes.
• Sharp abdominal pain develops, gradually intensifies (over about 12-24 hours),
and becomes localized to the lower right quadrant of the abdomen (McBurney
point).
• Complications: abscesses, peritonitis, gangrene, and death.
• Treatment
• Surgery, either laparoscopic or open, and may include extensive irrigation.
, • Drainage tubes.
• Long-term antibiotic therapy.
• Analgesics.
• Avoid activities that increase intra-abdominal pressure (e.g., straining and
coughing).
Autosomal dominant PKD Ans✓✓✓ • Mutation on the short arm of
chromosomes 4 and 16.
• Occurs in both children and adults, but is much more common in adults.
• Symptoms often do not show up until middle age.
Autosomal recessive PKD Ans✓✓✓ • Less common and more serious
• Appears in infancy or childhood
• Progresses rapidly, resulting in end-stage kidney failure and generally causing
death in infancy or childhood
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) Ans✓✓✓ common nonmalignant
enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as men age, usually appearing by
age 50.
Clinical manifestations are frequency, urgency, urinary retention, difficulty
initiating urination, weak urinary stream, dribbling urine, nocturia, bladder
distention, overflow incontinence, erectile dysfunction.
bowel obstructions Ans✓✓✓ Blockage of intestinal contents in the small
intestine or large intestine
