NAGELHOUT PHARMACOLOGY EXAM 1
REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
(GRADED A+)
Pharmacology - ANSWER-the study of the effect of chemicals on living tissue
Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER-the study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism and
excretion of drugs
Pharmaceutics - ANSWER-the formulation and preparation of drugs
pharmacoeconomics - ANSWER-the study of the economic impact of drugs
toxicology - ANSWER-the study of the harmful effects of chemicals
pharmacognosy - ANSWER-the study of the medicinal uses of naturally occurring
compounds
pharmacy - ANSWER-the preparation and dispensing of drugs
pharmacogenetics - ANSWER-genetic influences by and on drugs
pharmacodynamics - ANSWER-physiological and biochemical mechanism of action of
drugs
(e.g. receptor theory)
pharmacogenomics - ANSWER-identifies discrete genetic differences among
individuals that play a critical role in drug response
pharmacoepidemiology - ANSWER-is the study of the use and effects of drugs on large
groups of people
ED50 - ANSWER-Effective dose in 50% of the population
TD50 - ANSWER-Toxic Dose in 50% of the population
LD50 - ANSWER-Lethal Dose in 50% of the population
Therapeutic index - ANSWER-LD50/ED50
Therapeutic window - ANSWER-TD50/ED50
, Two types of ligands - ANSWER-Agonist or Antagonist
Reversible binding of ligands is called - ANSWER-competitive
non-reversible binding of ligands is called - ANSWER-noncompetitive
5 types of chemical bonds in order of increasing strength - ANSWER-van der waals,
hydrophobic, hydrogen, ionic, covalent
5 types of chemical bonds in order of decreasing strength - ANSWER-covalent, ionic,
hydrogen, hydrophobic, van der waals
Occupation of receptors by ligands is governed by: - ANSWER-affinity
Activation of receptors by ligands is governed by: - ANSWER-efficacy
Agonist - ANSWER-Binds to a receptor and triggers a response. Mimics an endogenous
ligand
Antagonist - ANSWER-has affinity but no efficacy. commonly have higher affinity for a
receptor than agonists
Affinity (potency) - ANSWER-The most potent drug requires the lowest dose
Efficacy (intrinsic activity) - ANSWER-the ability of a drug to produce the desire
response
Partial agonist - ANSWER-activates a receptor, but cannot produce a maximum
response. Partially blocks full agonists
Inverse agonist - ANSWER-binds to a receptor, results in the opposite action of an
agonist
Spare receptor concept - ANSWER-you don't need to occupy all receptors to illicit a
response. i.e., you need to block a large percentage of receptors with an antagonist
before blockade is successful
A dose response curve can show: - ANSWER-Affinity (potency), Efficacy, Variability,
Slope
Up regulation - ANSWER-an increase in receptor proteins as a response to chronic
blockade
REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
(GRADED A+)
Pharmacology - ANSWER-the study of the effect of chemicals on living tissue
Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER-the study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism and
excretion of drugs
Pharmaceutics - ANSWER-the formulation and preparation of drugs
pharmacoeconomics - ANSWER-the study of the economic impact of drugs
toxicology - ANSWER-the study of the harmful effects of chemicals
pharmacognosy - ANSWER-the study of the medicinal uses of naturally occurring
compounds
pharmacy - ANSWER-the preparation and dispensing of drugs
pharmacogenetics - ANSWER-genetic influences by and on drugs
pharmacodynamics - ANSWER-physiological and biochemical mechanism of action of
drugs
(e.g. receptor theory)
pharmacogenomics - ANSWER-identifies discrete genetic differences among
individuals that play a critical role in drug response
pharmacoepidemiology - ANSWER-is the study of the use and effects of drugs on large
groups of people
ED50 - ANSWER-Effective dose in 50% of the population
TD50 - ANSWER-Toxic Dose in 50% of the population
LD50 - ANSWER-Lethal Dose in 50% of the population
Therapeutic index - ANSWER-LD50/ED50
Therapeutic window - ANSWER-TD50/ED50
, Two types of ligands - ANSWER-Agonist or Antagonist
Reversible binding of ligands is called - ANSWER-competitive
non-reversible binding of ligands is called - ANSWER-noncompetitive
5 types of chemical bonds in order of increasing strength - ANSWER-van der waals,
hydrophobic, hydrogen, ionic, covalent
5 types of chemical bonds in order of decreasing strength - ANSWER-covalent, ionic,
hydrogen, hydrophobic, van der waals
Occupation of receptors by ligands is governed by: - ANSWER-affinity
Activation of receptors by ligands is governed by: - ANSWER-efficacy
Agonist - ANSWER-Binds to a receptor and triggers a response. Mimics an endogenous
ligand
Antagonist - ANSWER-has affinity but no efficacy. commonly have higher affinity for a
receptor than agonists
Affinity (potency) - ANSWER-The most potent drug requires the lowest dose
Efficacy (intrinsic activity) - ANSWER-the ability of a drug to produce the desire
response
Partial agonist - ANSWER-activates a receptor, but cannot produce a maximum
response. Partially blocks full agonists
Inverse agonist - ANSWER-binds to a receptor, results in the opposite action of an
agonist
Spare receptor concept - ANSWER-you don't need to occupy all receptors to illicit a
response. i.e., you need to block a large percentage of receptors with an antagonist
before blockade is successful
A dose response curve can show: - ANSWER-Affinity (potency), Efficacy, Variability,
Slope
Up regulation - ANSWER-an increase in receptor proteins as a response to chronic
blockade
