NSG 532 - ENDOCRINE FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
metabotropic cell membrane receptors - Answer-indirectly linked with ion-channels
signal transduction - Answer-a chain of events that follows the ligand-receptor binding; it
alters the cells' metabolism, gene expression, ability to proliferate or die, morphology
cyclic AMP - Answer--it is second messenger for transduction of lipid-soluble hormones
-it is synthesized from ATP by adenylyl cyclase located on the inner side of the CM
-it activates protein kinases and regulates the function of ion channels
-it activates protein kinases and regulates the function of ion channels
-its decomposition into AMP is catalyzed by phosphodiesterase
hypothalamic releasing hormones - Answer--thyrotropin-release hormone
-corticotropin-releasing hormone
-gonadotropin-releasing hormone
-prolactin-releasing hormone
-growth hormone-releasing hormone
hypothalamic inhibiting hormones - Answer--PIH
-GHIH
-somatostatin
-follistatin
-melanostatin
pineal gland - Answer--regulates body's internal sleep=wake
-detoxifies & is an antioxidant enzyme regulator
-regulates immune responses
-regulates neuronal synaptogenesis
-regulates cardiac cycle; breathing rhythm & BP
thymosin alpha - Answer-enhances immune cells responses against intracellular
pathogens and cancers
thymulin - Answer-triggers the T lymphocytes differentiation, induced T-lymphocyte
markers and normalizes the ratio between the helper and the suppressor T-lymphocytes
thymopoietin - Answer-regulates the immune responses as well as T lymphocytes
differentiation
, thymic humoral factor - Answer-essential for induction of clonal expansion,
differentiation and maturation of T lymphocyte subsets
cortisol function in body fluid homeostasis - Answer--increased excretion of Na
-increased reabsorption of K
-decreased BP
prenatal androgenic effects - Answer--maturation of sex organs
-formation of the scrotum
-development of accessory glands
postnatal androgenic effects - Answer--secondary sex characteristic (after puberty)
corpus luteum - Answer--temporary endocrine structure making high levels of
progesterone and low levels of estrogen and inhibin
-estrogen and inhibin inhibits further release of GnRH and thus secretion of LH and FSH
action of estrogen - Answer--maturation of female reproductive tract
-development of female secondary sex characteristics
-development of mammary glands
-upregulation of oxytocin receptors
-stimulation of prolactin secretion
action of progesterone - Answer--maintains pregnancy
-increases the uterine contractile response to oxytocin during labor
-participate in development of the breasts
-participate in preventing immune rejection of the fetus
positive feedback loop - Answer-the output enhances the original stimulus
negative feedback loop - Answer-the output reduces the original effect of the stimulus
long-loop feedback - Answer-T3/T4 may suppress the secretion of TSH by acting
directly on the cells that secrete TSH, or indirectly, by acting on the hypothalamic
neuroendocrine cells that stimulate the secretion of TSH
short-loop feedback - Answer-the inhibition of secretion of hypothalamic-releasing
hormones by the trophic hormones of the anterior pituitary
ultrashort-loop feedback - Answer-occur when a hormone acts on its own hormone
producing cell to inhibit further secretion
negative feedback loop - Answer-the output reduces the original effect of the stimulus
anorexigenic circuit - Answer--decreased appetite
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
metabotropic cell membrane receptors - Answer-indirectly linked with ion-channels
signal transduction - Answer-a chain of events that follows the ligand-receptor binding; it
alters the cells' metabolism, gene expression, ability to proliferate or die, morphology
cyclic AMP - Answer--it is second messenger for transduction of lipid-soluble hormones
-it is synthesized from ATP by adenylyl cyclase located on the inner side of the CM
-it activates protein kinases and regulates the function of ion channels
-it activates protein kinases and regulates the function of ion channels
-its decomposition into AMP is catalyzed by phosphodiesterase
hypothalamic releasing hormones - Answer--thyrotropin-release hormone
-corticotropin-releasing hormone
-gonadotropin-releasing hormone
-prolactin-releasing hormone
-growth hormone-releasing hormone
hypothalamic inhibiting hormones - Answer--PIH
-GHIH
-somatostatin
-follistatin
-melanostatin
pineal gland - Answer--regulates body's internal sleep=wake
-detoxifies & is an antioxidant enzyme regulator
-regulates immune responses
-regulates neuronal synaptogenesis
-regulates cardiac cycle; breathing rhythm & BP
thymosin alpha - Answer-enhances immune cells responses against intracellular
pathogens and cancers
thymulin - Answer-triggers the T lymphocytes differentiation, induced T-lymphocyte
markers and normalizes the ratio between the helper and the suppressor T-lymphocytes
thymopoietin - Answer-regulates the immune responses as well as T lymphocytes
differentiation
, thymic humoral factor - Answer-essential for induction of clonal expansion,
differentiation and maturation of T lymphocyte subsets
cortisol function in body fluid homeostasis - Answer--increased excretion of Na
-increased reabsorption of K
-decreased BP
prenatal androgenic effects - Answer--maturation of sex organs
-formation of the scrotum
-development of accessory glands
postnatal androgenic effects - Answer--secondary sex characteristic (after puberty)
corpus luteum - Answer--temporary endocrine structure making high levels of
progesterone and low levels of estrogen and inhibin
-estrogen and inhibin inhibits further release of GnRH and thus secretion of LH and FSH
action of estrogen - Answer--maturation of female reproductive tract
-development of female secondary sex characteristics
-development of mammary glands
-upregulation of oxytocin receptors
-stimulation of prolactin secretion
action of progesterone - Answer--maintains pregnancy
-increases the uterine contractile response to oxytocin during labor
-participate in development of the breasts
-participate in preventing immune rejection of the fetus
positive feedback loop - Answer-the output enhances the original stimulus
negative feedback loop - Answer-the output reduces the original effect of the stimulus
long-loop feedback - Answer-T3/T4 may suppress the secretion of TSH by acting
directly on the cells that secrete TSH, or indirectly, by acting on the hypothalamic
neuroendocrine cells that stimulate the secretion of TSH
short-loop feedback - Answer-the inhibition of secretion of hypothalamic-releasing
hormones by the trophic hormones of the anterior pituitary
ultrashort-loop feedback - Answer-occur when a hormone acts on its own hormone
producing cell to inhibit further secretion
negative feedback loop - Answer-the output reduces the original effect of the stimulus
anorexigenic circuit - Answer--decreased appetite
