D115 NURS 5800
Advanced Pathophysiology
FA Review (Qns & Ans)
2025
1. Multiple Choice
Question : In type 1 diabetes mellitus, which mechanism leads
to hyperglycemia?
a) Increased insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
b) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
c) Overproduction of insulin by the pancreas
d) Decreased glucose production by the liver
ANS : b) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
©2025
, Rationale : Type 1 diabetes results from an autoimmune attack
on pancreatic beta cells, leading to insufficient insulin production
and subsequent hyperglycemia.
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2. Fill-in-the-Blank
Question : The __________ pathway is primarily activated in
sepsis, leading to widespread inflammation and organ
dysfunction.
ANS : Complement
Rationale : The complement pathway is part of the innate
immune system and becomes hyperactivated in sepsis,
contributing to systemic inflammation and tissue damage.
---
3. True/False
Question : Chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to metabolic
acidosis due to impaired renal excretion of hydrogen ions.
ANS : True
Rationale : CKD reduces the kidney's ability to excrete
hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate, resulting in metabolic
acidosis.
©2025
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4. Multiple Response
Question : Which factors contribute to the pathophysiology of
hypertension?
a) Increased systemic vascular resistance
b) Renal sodium retention
c) Hyperaldosteronism
d) Decreased cardiac output
ANSs : a) Increased systemic vascular resistance, b) Renal
sodium retention, c) Hyperaldosteronism
Rationale : Hypertension is driven by systemic vascular
resistance, sodium retention, and hormone dysregulation, while
decreased cardiac output is not typically a contributing factor.
---
5. Multiple Choice
Question : Which characteristic feature differentiates
rheumatoid arthritis from osteoarthritis?
©2025
, a) Degeneration of articular cartilage
b) Chronic systemic inflammation mediated by autoimmunity
c) Joint pain worsened by activity
d) Absence of inflammatory biomarkers
ANS : b) Chronic systemic inflammation mediated by
autoimmunity
Rationale : Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder
causing systemic inflammation, unlike the mechanical
degeneration seen in osteoarthritis.
---
6. Fill-in-the-Blank
Question : In heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
(HFpEF), left ventricular __________ leads to impaired
ventricular filling during diastole.
ANS : Stiffness
Rationale : HFpEF is characterized by increased ventricular
stiffness, which reduces compliance and impairs diastolic filling.
---
©2025
Advanced Pathophysiology
FA Review (Qns & Ans)
2025
1. Multiple Choice
Question : In type 1 diabetes mellitus, which mechanism leads
to hyperglycemia?
a) Increased insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
b) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
c) Overproduction of insulin by the pancreas
d) Decreased glucose production by the liver
ANS : b) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
©2025
, Rationale : Type 1 diabetes results from an autoimmune attack
on pancreatic beta cells, leading to insufficient insulin production
and subsequent hyperglycemia.
---
2. Fill-in-the-Blank
Question : The __________ pathway is primarily activated in
sepsis, leading to widespread inflammation and organ
dysfunction.
ANS : Complement
Rationale : The complement pathway is part of the innate
immune system and becomes hyperactivated in sepsis,
contributing to systemic inflammation and tissue damage.
---
3. True/False
Question : Chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to metabolic
acidosis due to impaired renal excretion of hydrogen ions.
ANS : True
Rationale : CKD reduces the kidney's ability to excrete
hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate, resulting in metabolic
acidosis.
©2025
,---
4. Multiple Response
Question : Which factors contribute to the pathophysiology of
hypertension?
a) Increased systemic vascular resistance
b) Renal sodium retention
c) Hyperaldosteronism
d) Decreased cardiac output
ANSs : a) Increased systemic vascular resistance, b) Renal
sodium retention, c) Hyperaldosteronism
Rationale : Hypertension is driven by systemic vascular
resistance, sodium retention, and hormone dysregulation, while
decreased cardiac output is not typically a contributing factor.
---
5. Multiple Choice
Question : Which characteristic feature differentiates
rheumatoid arthritis from osteoarthritis?
©2025
, a) Degeneration of articular cartilage
b) Chronic systemic inflammation mediated by autoimmunity
c) Joint pain worsened by activity
d) Absence of inflammatory biomarkers
ANS : b) Chronic systemic inflammation mediated by
autoimmunity
Rationale : Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder
causing systemic inflammation, unlike the mechanical
degeneration seen in osteoarthritis.
---
6. Fill-in-the-Blank
Question : In heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
(HFpEF), left ventricular __________ leads to impaired
ventricular filling during diastole.
ANS : Stiffness
Rationale : HFpEF is characterized by increased ventricular
stiffness, which reduces compliance and impairs diastolic filling.
---
©2025
