1
SOLUTION MANUAL AMERICAN GOVERNMENT:
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT AND INSTITUTIONAL
CHANGE 12TH EDITION BY CALJILLSON,ALL
CHAPTERS1-16
, 2
TABLEVOF CONTENTS
1. Chapter 1 The Origins of American Political Principles
2. Chapter 2 The Revolution and the Constitution
3. Chapter 3 Federalism and American Political Development
4. Chapter 4 Political Socialization and Public Opinion
5. Chapter 5 The Mass Media and the Political Agenda
6. Chapter 6 Interest Groups: The Politics of Influence
7. Chapter 7 Political Parties: Winning the Right to Govern
8. Chapter 8 Voting, Campaigns, and Elections
9. Chapter 9 Congress: Partisanship, Polarization, and Gridlock
10. Chapter 10 The President: Executive Power in a Separation of Powers Regime
11. Chapter 11 Bureaucracy: Redesigning GovernmentVfor the Twenty-First Century
12. Chapter 12 The Federal Courts: Activism versus Restraint
13. Chapter 13 Civil Liberties: Ordered Liberty in America
14. Chapter 14 Civil Rights: Where Liberty and Equality Collide
15. Chapter 15 Government, The Economy, and Domestic Policy
16. Chapter 16 America’s Global Role in the Twenty-First Century
, 3
Chapter 1
THE ORIGINS OF AMERICAN POLITICAL PRINCIPLES
FOCUS QUESTIONS
Q1 What areVthe broad purposesVof government?
A1
The ancients believed the role of government and politics was to foster huma
n excellence. However, it is imperative to remember that the Greeks and Romans
believed the virtuous should rule according to natural law. Furthermore, valuesof
equality and order would be served through a society based upon the rule oflaw
to provide for the common good. In the Middle Ages, government was largely use
d to facilitate religion and maintained the need for the individual to live a proper
life in the service of God. The role of government changed in the early sixteenth
century by downplaying the role of religion while alternatively promoting the role
of limited government to protect Vprivate property and individual rights.
Q2 How should government Vbe designed to achieve its purposes?
A2 According to Plato the philosopher-
king’s wisdom and intellect would promote order, stability and justice. Yet, Aristotle
takes a more realistic view of Athenian society by advocating the bestVform of gov
ernment asVa polity, which combined oligarchic and democratic Velements to produc
e political stability. The Romans combined monarchical, aristocratic, and democrati
c principles as a mixed government within representative bodies like the Senate an
d the Assembly in order to champion the causes of both the rich and the poor. Gove
rnment in theMiddle Ages was determined through divine right, whereby a monarc
h or Pope wasV ordained by God to rule. Hence, wisdom and virtue rested within th
ese few individuals who governed to promote religious life and protect the religiou
s establishment. The Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, and Enlightenment Perio
ds shifted the role of government from upholding religious doctrine to secular conc
erns, such as protecting inalienable rights, including private property, and promotin
g commerce. In turn, Enlightenment political
©V2023 Taylor & Francis
, 4
philosophers largely appealed to individualism and not religious hierarchy as amea
ns to provide order and stability in which individuals could flourish.
Q3
WhatVlessons about government did colonial Americans drawVfrom the history o
fancient Greece and Rome?
A3
Plato was suspicious of democracy’s rule of the many because good governm
ent would decay into mob rule. Hence, the passions Vof the masses needed to be qu
elled by more aristocratic elements. With this problem in mind, the Framers ofthe U.
S. Constitution referenced the institutional design of the Roman republic Vadhered to
the tradition of mixed government initially expounded by Aristotle and the Roman
s. This was maintained in the indirect Vselection of both the Senateand the presidenc
y within the Constitution. Aristotle also advocated mixing aristocratic and democrati
c elements in a governing structure called a polity. In effect, this governmental desi
gn allowed the few and the many to participate in the politics Vproviding an orderly
society where the poor should be able to selectVgovernmentVofficials who were hel
d accountable. This was also made manifest inthe Constitution with its aristocratic-
like Senate and the more democratic House of Representatives. Thus the American
republic’s Constitution established institutional powers to govern according to the ru
le ofVlaw. While the Framers rejected the religious Vhierarchy of the Middle Ages, th
ey appealed to inalienable rights endowed upon every individual by God, per the
writings of John Locke, in which a just government and society could not be impede
d.
Q4 What circumstances led Europeans to leave theirVhomelands to settle in America?
A4
Individuals immigrated to the colonies to escape religious persecution and civ
il unrest after the English Civil War and to pursue social and economic opportunities
. Colonists enjoyed a vast array of natural resources and a large geographical are
a where freedom of religion and economic opportunity flourished. Also, their heter
ogeneous social composition as well as continual promotion of ideals, such as equali
ty and tolerance, tended toVpromote political freedom atVthe same time that social
expansion of the population was occurring.
Q5 What did democracy mean to our colonial ancestors, andVdid they approve it?
A5
The colonists were skeptical of democracy and viewed this type of governin
g authority as mob rule. Society was largely seen as segmented into those who sho
uld rule and those who should not. In fact, the Founders believed thatVthe elite (well
-
educated,Vland owners) should occupy positions of leadership. Thus, an aristocratic
elementVwithin governmentVwas necessary to protect againstVthethreat of mob rule
historically associated with democracy. Fundamentally, Vthe idea of republicanism
was promoted as an ideal atVa higher level than democracy. This was made most
manifest in the tendency to prefer mixed
© 2023 Taylor & Francis
SOLUTION MANUAL AMERICAN GOVERNMENT:
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT AND INSTITUTIONAL
CHANGE 12TH EDITION BY CALJILLSON,ALL
CHAPTERS1-16
, 2
TABLEVOF CONTENTS
1. Chapter 1 The Origins of American Political Principles
2. Chapter 2 The Revolution and the Constitution
3. Chapter 3 Federalism and American Political Development
4. Chapter 4 Political Socialization and Public Opinion
5. Chapter 5 The Mass Media and the Political Agenda
6. Chapter 6 Interest Groups: The Politics of Influence
7. Chapter 7 Political Parties: Winning the Right to Govern
8. Chapter 8 Voting, Campaigns, and Elections
9. Chapter 9 Congress: Partisanship, Polarization, and Gridlock
10. Chapter 10 The President: Executive Power in a Separation of Powers Regime
11. Chapter 11 Bureaucracy: Redesigning GovernmentVfor the Twenty-First Century
12. Chapter 12 The Federal Courts: Activism versus Restraint
13. Chapter 13 Civil Liberties: Ordered Liberty in America
14. Chapter 14 Civil Rights: Where Liberty and Equality Collide
15. Chapter 15 Government, The Economy, and Domestic Policy
16. Chapter 16 America’s Global Role in the Twenty-First Century
, 3
Chapter 1
THE ORIGINS OF AMERICAN POLITICAL PRINCIPLES
FOCUS QUESTIONS
Q1 What areVthe broad purposesVof government?
A1
The ancients believed the role of government and politics was to foster huma
n excellence. However, it is imperative to remember that the Greeks and Romans
believed the virtuous should rule according to natural law. Furthermore, valuesof
equality and order would be served through a society based upon the rule oflaw
to provide for the common good. In the Middle Ages, government was largely use
d to facilitate religion and maintained the need for the individual to live a proper
life in the service of God. The role of government changed in the early sixteenth
century by downplaying the role of religion while alternatively promoting the role
of limited government to protect Vprivate property and individual rights.
Q2 How should government Vbe designed to achieve its purposes?
A2 According to Plato the philosopher-
king’s wisdom and intellect would promote order, stability and justice. Yet, Aristotle
takes a more realistic view of Athenian society by advocating the bestVform of gov
ernment asVa polity, which combined oligarchic and democratic Velements to produc
e political stability. The Romans combined monarchical, aristocratic, and democrati
c principles as a mixed government within representative bodies like the Senate an
d the Assembly in order to champion the causes of both the rich and the poor. Gove
rnment in theMiddle Ages was determined through divine right, whereby a monarc
h or Pope wasV ordained by God to rule. Hence, wisdom and virtue rested within th
ese few individuals who governed to promote religious life and protect the religiou
s establishment. The Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, and Enlightenment Perio
ds shifted the role of government from upholding religious doctrine to secular conc
erns, such as protecting inalienable rights, including private property, and promotin
g commerce. In turn, Enlightenment political
©V2023 Taylor & Francis
, 4
philosophers largely appealed to individualism and not religious hierarchy as amea
ns to provide order and stability in which individuals could flourish.
Q3
WhatVlessons about government did colonial Americans drawVfrom the history o
fancient Greece and Rome?
A3
Plato was suspicious of democracy’s rule of the many because good governm
ent would decay into mob rule. Hence, the passions Vof the masses needed to be qu
elled by more aristocratic elements. With this problem in mind, the Framers ofthe U.
S. Constitution referenced the institutional design of the Roman republic Vadhered to
the tradition of mixed government initially expounded by Aristotle and the Roman
s. This was maintained in the indirect Vselection of both the Senateand the presidenc
y within the Constitution. Aristotle also advocated mixing aristocratic and democrati
c elements in a governing structure called a polity. In effect, this governmental desi
gn allowed the few and the many to participate in the politics Vproviding an orderly
society where the poor should be able to selectVgovernmentVofficials who were hel
d accountable. This was also made manifest inthe Constitution with its aristocratic-
like Senate and the more democratic House of Representatives. Thus the American
republic’s Constitution established institutional powers to govern according to the ru
le ofVlaw. While the Framers rejected the religious Vhierarchy of the Middle Ages, th
ey appealed to inalienable rights endowed upon every individual by God, per the
writings of John Locke, in which a just government and society could not be impede
d.
Q4 What circumstances led Europeans to leave theirVhomelands to settle in America?
A4
Individuals immigrated to the colonies to escape religious persecution and civ
il unrest after the English Civil War and to pursue social and economic opportunities
. Colonists enjoyed a vast array of natural resources and a large geographical are
a where freedom of religion and economic opportunity flourished. Also, their heter
ogeneous social composition as well as continual promotion of ideals, such as equali
ty and tolerance, tended toVpromote political freedom atVthe same time that social
expansion of the population was occurring.
Q5 What did democracy mean to our colonial ancestors, andVdid they approve it?
A5
The colonists were skeptical of democracy and viewed this type of governin
g authority as mob rule. Society was largely seen as segmented into those who sho
uld rule and those who should not. In fact, the Founders believed thatVthe elite (well
-
educated,Vland owners) should occupy positions of leadership. Thus, an aristocratic
elementVwithin governmentVwas necessary to protect againstVthethreat of mob rule
historically associated with democracy. Fundamentally, Vthe idea of republicanism
was promoted as an ideal atVa higher level than democracy. This was made most
manifest in the tendency to prefer mixed
© 2023 Taylor & Francis
