GEOGRAPHY EDEXCEL A LEVEL
PAPER 1 Questions and answers.
Natural Hazard - (correct answer) -
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A naturally occurring process or event that has the potential to effect people.
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Natural Disaster - (correct answer) -
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A major natural hazard that causes significant social, economic and environmental change.
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Vulnerability - (correct answer) - vb vb vb vb
The ability to anticipate, cope with, resist and recover from a natural hazard.
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Resilience - (correct answer) - The ability to bounce back after a natural hazard.
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When does a natural hazard become a natural disaster. - (correct answer) -
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A disaster occurs when a hazard strikes a vulnerable population that cannot cope with the impacts usi
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ng its own resources. The scale of the disaster will depend on two factors:
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1. The magnitude of the disaster
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2. The vulnerability of the population
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Degg's model - (correct answer) -
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A good way of portraying the magnitude of the disaster and the vulnerability of the population and h
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ow they interrelate. The greater the overlap the bigger the disaster will be.
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Physical causes of Haiti earthquake natural disaster - (correct answer) - -
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Haiti sits on a fault line between North America and Caribbean plates
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- Earthquake of magnitude 7.0 near the capital.
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- Liquefaction on looser soil can make foundations unstable and collapse.
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- Shallow focus
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- Epicentre close to the capital which effected country's ability to cope.
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Human causes of Haiti earthquake natural disaster - (correct answer) - -
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Haiti is a poor country with weak governance so there is a lack of preparation.
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- Haiti has poorly constructed buildings which are likely to collapse.
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,- Dense environment made it hard to recover.
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- Lack of awareness of what to do
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- Local people did not have adequate resources
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Earthquake social primary effects - (correct answer) - - Deaths
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- Injuries
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- Homelessness
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- Destruction of schools
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- Destruction of hospitals
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Earthquake social secondary effects - (correct answer) - - Loss of livelihood
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- Spreading of disease
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- Prevalent mental distress
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- People left without an option of recovery
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Earthquake economic primary effects - (correct answer) - - Financial cost of the disaster and rebuilding
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- Cost of rescue services
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- People left jobless
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- Destruction of factories
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- Destruction of crops
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- Destruction of travel infrastructure
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Earthquake economic secondary effects - (correct answer) - - Cost of repair services
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- Prevents access from emergency services
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- Less money generated for the economy to recover
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- Famine
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Earthquake environmental primary effects - (correct answer) - - Destruction of historic landmarks
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- Landslides
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- Crumbling of geology
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,Earthquake environmental secondary effects - (correct answer) - -
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Landslides can kill off populations and badly damage ecosystems
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- Less investment in the area
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- Ground is too unstable to build on
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Earth structure - (correct answer) - The core
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The mantlevb
The crust vb
Earth - The Core - (correct answer) - at the centre, this consists of two parts
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- The inner core
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- The outer core
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Earth - The inner core - (correct answer) -
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At the very centre of the earth, and is the hottest part. It is solid and mostly consists of iron.
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Earth - The outer core - (correct answer) - Which is semi-
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molten and mostly liquid iron and nickel. Temperatures there range between 4500-6000 C
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Earth - The mantle - (correct answer) -
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Surrounds the core, and is the widest layer making up the earth. The upper part is solid but below is
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molten rock - forming the asthenosphere.
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Earth - The crust - (correct answer) - Forms the outer shell of the earth. Two types
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- Oceanic
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- Continental
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Earth - Oceanic crust - (correct answer) -
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Thin, dense layer, which lines the ocean floor. Mainly made from basalt.
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Earth - Continental crust - (correct answer) -
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An older, thickest layer, which makes up the earth's landmasses. It is less done than oceanic crust. M
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ainly made from granite.
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Lithosphere - (correct answer) - The crust and upper solid part of the mantle -
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the solid layer that constitutes the tectonic plates.
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Continental drift - (correct answer) - vb vb vb vb vb
Wegener believed that the continents gradually began to drift apart around 300 million years ago.
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, Plate tectonic theory elements - (correct answer) - 1. Convection currents
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2. Subduction
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3. Slab pull
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4. Sea floor spreading
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Convection currents - (correct answer) - - vb vb vb vb vb vbvb
Heat produced by the decay of radioactive elements in the earth's core heats the lower mantle.
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- This heated mantle becomes lighter and rises.
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- As it rises towards the crust it cools and sinks
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- This heating and cooling causes convection currents
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Subduction - (correct answer) - - At subduction zones crust is being destroyed
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- As two plates move together the heavier oceanic crust is subducted
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- As it is subducted into the magma, it melts. This i known as the subduction zone.
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Slab pull - (correct answer) -
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As the oceanic plate is subducted the rest of the plate is pulled downwards as well.
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Sea floor spreading - (correct answer) - -
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In the middle of many oceans are huge ocean ridges or underwater mountain ranges.
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-
These have formed when hot magma has been forced upwards from the asthenosphere and solidifies
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forming new oceanic crust vb vb vb
- The new ocean crust pushes the tectonic plates in a process called sea floor spreading.
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Evidence of plate tectonics - (correct answer) - - Paleomagnetism
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- Jigsaw continent
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- Fossils and mountains
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- Location of earthquakes and volcanoes
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- Hot spot volcanoes
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Evidence of plate tectonics - Paleomagnetism - (correct answer) -
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The study of past changes in the Earth's magnetic field. Every 400000 ears the earths magnetic field s
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witches, causing the magnetic north and south to swap. When lava cools and becomes rock the minera
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ls in the rock line up with the earths magnetic direction at that time. Scientist studying mid ocean ridge
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PAPER 1 Questions and answers.
Natural Hazard - (correct answer) -
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A naturally occurring process or event that has the potential to effect people.
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Natural Disaster - (correct answer) -
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A major natural hazard that causes significant social, economic and environmental change.
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Vulnerability - (correct answer) - vb vb vb vb
The ability to anticipate, cope with, resist and recover from a natural hazard.
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Resilience - (correct answer) - The ability to bounce back after a natural hazard.
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When does a natural hazard become a natural disaster. - (correct answer) -
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A disaster occurs when a hazard strikes a vulnerable population that cannot cope with the impacts usi
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ng its own resources. The scale of the disaster will depend on two factors:
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1. The magnitude of the disaster
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2. The vulnerability of the population
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Degg's model - (correct answer) -
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A good way of portraying the magnitude of the disaster and the vulnerability of the population and h
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ow they interrelate. The greater the overlap the bigger the disaster will be.
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Physical causes of Haiti earthquake natural disaster - (correct answer) - -
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Haiti sits on a fault line between North America and Caribbean plates
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- Earthquake of magnitude 7.0 near the capital.
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- Liquefaction on looser soil can make foundations unstable and collapse.
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- Shallow focus
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- Epicentre close to the capital which effected country's ability to cope.
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
Human causes of Haiti earthquake natural disaster - (correct answer) - -
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Haiti is a poor country with weak governance so there is a lack of preparation.
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
- Haiti has poorly constructed buildings which are likely to collapse.
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,- Dense environment made it hard to recover.
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- Lack of awareness of what to do
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- Local people did not have adequate resources
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Earthquake social primary effects - (correct answer) - - Deaths
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- Injuries
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- Homelessness
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- Destruction of schools
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- Destruction of hospitals
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Earthquake social secondary effects - (correct answer) - - Loss of livelihood
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- Spreading of disease
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- Prevalent mental distress
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- People left without an option of recovery
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Earthquake economic primary effects - (correct answer) - - Financial cost of the disaster and rebuilding
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- Cost of rescue services
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- People left jobless
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- Destruction of factories
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- Destruction of crops
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- Destruction of travel infrastructure
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Earthquake economic secondary effects - (correct answer) - - Cost of repair services
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- Prevents access from emergency services
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- Less money generated for the economy to recover
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- Famine
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Earthquake environmental primary effects - (correct answer) - - Destruction of historic landmarks
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- Landslides
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- Crumbling of geology
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,Earthquake environmental secondary effects - (correct answer) - -
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Landslides can kill off populations and badly damage ecosystems
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- Less investment in the area
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- Ground is too unstable to build on
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Earth structure - (correct answer) - The core
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The mantlevb
The crust vb
Earth - The Core - (correct answer) - at the centre, this consists of two parts
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- The inner core
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- The outer core
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Earth - The inner core - (correct answer) -
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At the very centre of the earth, and is the hottest part. It is solid and mostly consists of iron.
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Earth - The outer core - (correct answer) - Which is semi-
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molten and mostly liquid iron and nickel. Temperatures there range between 4500-6000 C
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Earth - The mantle - (correct answer) -
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Surrounds the core, and is the widest layer making up the earth. The upper part is solid but below is
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molten rock - forming the asthenosphere.
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Earth - The crust - (correct answer) - Forms the outer shell of the earth. Two types
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- Oceanic
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- Continental
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Earth - Oceanic crust - (correct answer) -
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Thin, dense layer, which lines the ocean floor. Mainly made from basalt.
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Earth - Continental crust - (correct answer) -
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An older, thickest layer, which makes up the earth's landmasses. It is less done than oceanic crust. M
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ainly made from granite.
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Lithosphere - (correct answer) - The crust and upper solid part of the mantle -
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the solid layer that constitutes the tectonic plates.
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Continental drift - (correct answer) - vb vb vb vb vb
Wegener believed that the continents gradually began to drift apart around 300 million years ago.
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, Plate tectonic theory elements - (correct answer) - 1. Convection currents
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2. Subduction
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3. Slab pull
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4. Sea floor spreading
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Convection currents - (correct answer) - - vb vb vb vb vb vbvb
Heat produced by the decay of radioactive elements in the earth's core heats the lower mantle.
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- This heated mantle becomes lighter and rises.
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- As it rises towards the crust it cools and sinks
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- This heating and cooling causes convection currents
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Subduction - (correct answer) - - At subduction zones crust is being destroyed
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- As two plates move together the heavier oceanic crust is subducted
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- As it is subducted into the magma, it melts. This i known as the subduction zone.
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Slab pull - (correct answer) -
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As the oceanic plate is subducted the rest of the plate is pulled downwards as well.
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Sea floor spreading - (correct answer) - -
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In the middle of many oceans are huge ocean ridges or underwater mountain ranges.
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
-
These have formed when hot magma has been forced upwards from the asthenosphere and solidifies
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
forming new oceanic crust vb vb vb
- The new ocean crust pushes the tectonic plates in a process called sea floor spreading.
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
Evidence of plate tectonics - (correct answer) - - Paleomagnetism
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- Jigsaw continent
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- Fossils and mountains
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- Location of earthquakes and volcanoes
vb vb vb vb vb
- Hot spot volcanoes
vb vb vb
Evidence of plate tectonics - Paleomagnetism - (correct answer) -
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The study of past changes in the Earth's magnetic field. Every 400000 ears the earths magnetic field s
vbvb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
witches, causing the magnetic north and south to swap. When lava cools and becomes rock the minera
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
ls in the rock line up with the earths magnetic direction at that time. Scientist studying mid ocean ridge
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