Turf & Landscape
Describe the kinds of damage arthropod pests can cause. - ✔✔ correct answer Chewing mouth
parts: tearing damage, notched or ragged leaves, holes in fruits and seeds, gridled stems, and
chewed off roots
Piercing-sucking mouth parts (needle like feeding on plant tissue): yellowed leaves, galls, and
misshapen fruit (often mistaken by plant diseases)
*Piercing mouth transmit diseases easier
Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of the types of formulation discussed in this
chapter - ✔✔ correct answer Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC):
Describe the structural features of arthropods including how their mouth parts determine what
kind of damage they can cause. - ✔✔ correct answer Invertebrates, exoskeleton, paired/jointed
legs and other appendages
Explain how to distinguish insects from other arthropods. - ✔✔ correct answer Insects:
sometimes wings, 3 pairs of legs, antennae, 3 body region (head, thorax, abdomen)
Arachnids: no wings, no antennae, 4 pairs of legs, 2 body regions (head/thorax, abdomen)
Describe the differences between simple and complete metamorphosis. - ✔✔ correct answer
Simple (3 stages): egg, nymph, and adult
Complete (4 stages): egg, larva, pupa and adult
Explain why it is important to know what kind of metamorphosis a particular pest goes through.
- ✔✔ correct answer Management techniques can vary depending on how the insect develops
,Turf & Landscape
Explain how temperature and humidity affect insect development. - ✔✔ correct answer Temp:
how fast insects grow (too low - slow down and don't function, too high - die, higher temps in
threshold increase insect abilities)
Humidity: some insects require more or less, higher humidity increases probability for diseases
(help control insect population)
Describe some of the characteristics of the common insect pests we discuss in this chapter. -
✔✔ correct answer White Grubs: beetle larvae that are found in the soil and damage sod and
the roots of other plants
Ants: Issues occur with mounds (kill the queen)
Black Cutworms: larvae, or caterpillar stage that does the damage, clips off grass blades and
shoots with chewing mouth parts
Sod web warms: caterpillar stage does the damage
Clinch bugs: sucking mouth parts that inject toxic saliva into various turf grass species
Japanese beetles: adults feed and damage foliage and flowers
Sawflies: can cause significant damage to forests and landscapes
Emerald Ash Borer: adults cause minimal damage to ash trees, larvae tunnel under the bark in
the tree's cambium layer that effect the tree
List the advantages and disadvantages of using insecticides. - ✔✔ correct answer Advantages:
1. Effective against thousands of economically damaging pests.
2. Can be used to combat several different pests on a given plant
3. Act quickly
4. Large arsenal to combat even new pests
5. Usually available and many suitable formulations and application equipment
Disadvantages:
,Turf & Landscape
1. Often eliminate beneficial insects, allowing them to rebound quickly (increased dependence
on insecticides)
2. Can lead to resistance after repeated exposure
3. Yearly dependence is an added cost
4. Potential for drift, residues and damage to beneficial insects. (hazards to humans and
environment)
Determine what determines whether a given plant is a weed. - ✔✔ correct answer If the plant
is unwanted
List the two main goals of weed management. - ✔✔ correct answer Minimize weed
competition, Limit weed's reproduction
Describe ways that weeds can pose problems in turf and landscapes. - ✔✔ correct answer 1.
Interfere with management practices
2. Produce chemical inhibitors that directly retard growth of desirable plants
3. Create a poor impression on customers
4. Interfere with pesticide applications
5. Support insect pests and plant diseases or provide cover for rodents
6. Poisonous, allergenic, or irritating to people and pets
7. Interfere with intended use of site
8. Dry out or die and become fire hazards around roads, buildings, or woody plantings.
Distinguish grasses from broad leaf plants and herbaceous from woody plants. - ✔✔ correct
answer Grasses: narrow, one seed leaf, parallel veins
Broadleaves: broad, two seed leaves, veins form net-like pattern
, Turf & Landscape
Describe the life cycles of annual, biennial, and perennial plants and how they reproduce. - ✔✔
correct answer Annuals: live less than 12 months and can produce great numbers in a single
growing season
Biennials: live for 2 growing seasons- first season leaves, second season flowers and reproduces
with seeds
Perennials: live at least 2 years and sometimes much longer
*if germinate through seed, usually don't flower in first season
Outline what is needed to kill annual, biennial, and perennial weeds and when it is easiest to do
so. - ✔✔ correct answer Annual and biennial: must kill whole shoot, herbicides are generally
more effective
Perennial: most effective approach is to destroy underground structure (repeatedly tilling the
soil or use herbicide that trans locates to and kills the complete vegetation system)
Explain the difference between preplant, preemergence, and postemergence herbicide
applications. - ✔✔ correct answer Preplant: made before planting turf or ornamentals
Preemergence: usually made after planting, before plant and weeds emerge
Postemergence: made after the desirable plants and/or weeds emerge
Explain the effects of soil texture, organic matter and other soil factors on herbicide activity. -
✔✔ correct answer -Organic matter and clay particles can absorb soil-applied herbicides
- Sandy soils can cause leaching
Describe the kinds of damage arthropod pests can cause. - ✔✔ correct answer Chewing mouth
parts: tearing damage, notched or ragged leaves, holes in fruits and seeds, gridled stems, and
chewed off roots
Piercing-sucking mouth parts (needle like feeding on plant tissue): yellowed leaves, galls, and
misshapen fruit (often mistaken by plant diseases)
*Piercing mouth transmit diseases easier
Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of the types of formulation discussed in this
chapter - ✔✔ correct answer Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC):
Describe the structural features of arthropods including how their mouth parts determine what
kind of damage they can cause. - ✔✔ correct answer Invertebrates, exoskeleton, paired/jointed
legs and other appendages
Explain how to distinguish insects from other arthropods. - ✔✔ correct answer Insects:
sometimes wings, 3 pairs of legs, antennae, 3 body region (head, thorax, abdomen)
Arachnids: no wings, no antennae, 4 pairs of legs, 2 body regions (head/thorax, abdomen)
Describe the differences between simple and complete metamorphosis. - ✔✔ correct answer
Simple (3 stages): egg, nymph, and adult
Complete (4 stages): egg, larva, pupa and adult
Explain why it is important to know what kind of metamorphosis a particular pest goes through.
- ✔✔ correct answer Management techniques can vary depending on how the insect develops
,Turf & Landscape
Explain how temperature and humidity affect insect development. - ✔✔ correct answer Temp:
how fast insects grow (too low - slow down and don't function, too high - die, higher temps in
threshold increase insect abilities)
Humidity: some insects require more or less, higher humidity increases probability for diseases
(help control insect population)
Describe some of the characteristics of the common insect pests we discuss in this chapter. -
✔✔ correct answer White Grubs: beetle larvae that are found in the soil and damage sod and
the roots of other plants
Ants: Issues occur with mounds (kill the queen)
Black Cutworms: larvae, or caterpillar stage that does the damage, clips off grass blades and
shoots with chewing mouth parts
Sod web warms: caterpillar stage does the damage
Clinch bugs: sucking mouth parts that inject toxic saliva into various turf grass species
Japanese beetles: adults feed and damage foliage and flowers
Sawflies: can cause significant damage to forests and landscapes
Emerald Ash Borer: adults cause minimal damage to ash trees, larvae tunnel under the bark in
the tree's cambium layer that effect the tree
List the advantages and disadvantages of using insecticides. - ✔✔ correct answer Advantages:
1. Effective against thousands of economically damaging pests.
2. Can be used to combat several different pests on a given plant
3. Act quickly
4. Large arsenal to combat even new pests
5. Usually available and many suitable formulations and application equipment
Disadvantages:
,Turf & Landscape
1. Often eliminate beneficial insects, allowing them to rebound quickly (increased dependence
on insecticides)
2. Can lead to resistance after repeated exposure
3. Yearly dependence is an added cost
4. Potential for drift, residues and damage to beneficial insects. (hazards to humans and
environment)
Determine what determines whether a given plant is a weed. - ✔✔ correct answer If the plant
is unwanted
List the two main goals of weed management. - ✔✔ correct answer Minimize weed
competition, Limit weed's reproduction
Describe ways that weeds can pose problems in turf and landscapes. - ✔✔ correct answer 1.
Interfere with management practices
2. Produce chemical inhibitors that directly retard growth of desirable plants
3. Create a poor impression on customers
4. Interfere with pesticide applications
5. Support insect pests and plant diseases or provide cover for rodents
6. Poisonous, allergenic, or irritating to people and pets
7. Interfere with intended use of site
8. Dry out or die and become fire hazards around roads, buildings, or woody plantings.
Distinguish grasses from broad leaf plants and herbaceous from woody plants. - ✔✔ correct
answer Grasses: narrow, one seed leaf, parallel veins
Broadleaves: broad, two seed leaves, veins form net-like pattern
, Turf & Landscape
Describe the life cycles of annual, biennial, and perennial plants and how they reproduce. - ✔✔
correct answer Annuals: live less than 12 months and can produce great numbers in a single
growing season
Biennials: live for 2 growing seasons- first season leaves, second season flowers and reproduces
with seeds
Perennials: live at least 2 years and sometimes much longer
*if germinate through seed, usually don't flower in first season
Outline what is needed to kill annual, biennial, and perennial weeds and when it is easiest to do
so. - ✔✔ correct answer Annual and biennial: must kill whole shoot, herbicides are generally
more effective
Perennial: most effective approach is to destroy underground structure (repeatedly tilling the
soil or use herbicide that trans locates to and kills the complete vegetation system)
Explain the difference between preplant, preemergence, and postemergence herbicide
applications. - ✔✔ correct answer Preplant: made before planting turf or ornamentals
Preemergence: usually made after planting, before plant and weeds emerge
Postemergence: made after the desirable plants and/or weeds emerge
Explain the effects of soil texture, organic matter and other soil factors on herbicide activity. -
✔✔ correct answer -Organic matter and clay particles can absorb soil-applied herbicides
- Sandy soils can cause leaching
