APHY 101 Midterm Q&A
Anatomy - =examines the structures of body parts
Physiology - =examines the functions of body parts, what they do and how they do it
Levels of organization - =Subatomic particles, atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue,
organ, organ system, organism
Metabolism - =all of the chemical reactions in an organism that support life
homeostasis - =The body's maintenance of a stable internal environment
homeostatic mechanisms - =receptors, control center, effectors
receptor - =provide information about specific conditions (stimuli) in the internal environment
control center - =set point; a particular value, such as body temperature at 37°C (Celsius) or 98.6°F
(Fahrenheit)
effector - =cause responses that alter conditions in the internal environment
negative feedback - =If the receptors measure deviations from the set point, effectors are activated that
can return conditions toward normal. As this happens, the deviation from the set point progressively
lessens, and the effectors gradually shut down.
cranial cavity - =houses the brain
spinal cavity - =houses the spinal cord
,thoracic cavity - =contains the lungs and heart
abdominal cavity - =contains the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, and the small and large
intestines.
pelvic cavity - =contains the terminal end of the large intestine, the urinary bladder, and the internal
reproductive organs.
serous membranes - =line the walls of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and fold back to cover
the organs within these cavities. These membranes secrete a slippery serous fluid that separates the
layer lining the wall of the cavity (parietal layer) from the layer covering the organ (visceral layer).
Aging at a cellular level - =Cells mark time too, many approaching the end of a limited number of
predetermined cell divisions as their chromosome tips whittle down. Such cells reaching the end of their
division days may enlarge or die. Some cells may be unable to build the apparatus that pulls apart
replicated chromosomes in a cell on the verge of division. Impaired cell division slows wound healing,
yet at the same time, the inappropriate cell division that underlies cancer becomes more likely. Certain
subcellular functions lose efficiency, including repair of DNA damage and transport of substances into
and out of cells. Aging cells are less efficient at extracting energy from nutrients and breaking down
aged or damaged cell parts.
anatomical position - =Body facing forward, feet are parallel to each other, arms are at he sides with the
palms facing forward
Proximal - =Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
distal - =Away from or farthest from the trunk or the point of origin of a body part
medial - =Closer to the midline of the body
lateral - =Away from the midline of the body
superior - =Higher on the body, nearer to the head
, inferior - =Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below.
anterior - =Front of body/ body structure
posterior - =Nearer to or at the back of the body
ventral - =At the belly side
dorsal - =Backside
Why is chemistry an important part of physiology? - =Understanding the basics of chemistry is essential
for understanding physiology, because body functions result from cellular functions that, in turn, result
from chemical changes.
atom - =Smallest particle of an element
element - =A pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical or physical
means
molecule - =Two or more atoms may combine to form a distinctive type of particle
compound - =(chemistry) a substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients
Name the bulk elements in the human body. - =carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and
phosphorus
atomic number - =Number of protons in an atom
atomic weight - =equals the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.
Anatomy - =examines the structures of body parts
Physiology - =examines the functions of body parts, what they do and how they do it
Levels of organization - =Subatomic particles, atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue,
organ, organ system, organism
Metabolism - =all of the chemical reactions in an organism that support life
homeostasis - =The body's maintenance of a stable internal environment
homeostatic mechanisms - =receptors, control center, effectors
receptor - =provide information about specific conditions (stimuli) in the internal environment
control center - =set point; a particular value, such as body temperature at 37°C (Celsius) or 98.6°F
(Fahrenheit)
effector - =cause responses that alter conditions in the internal environment
negative feedback - =If the receptors measure deviations from the set point, effectors are activated that
can return conditions toward normal. As this happens, the deviation from the set point progressively
lessens, and the effectors gradually shut down.
cranial cavity - =houses the brain
spinal cavity - =houses the spinal cord
,thoracic cavity - =contains the lungs and heart
abdominal cavity - =contains the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, and the small and large
intestines.
pelvic cavity - =contains the terminal end of the large intestine, the urinary bladder, and the internal
reproductive organs.
serous membranes - =line the walls of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and fold back to cover
the organs within these cavities. These membranes secrete a slippery serous fluid that separates the
layer lining the wall of the cavity (parietal layer) from the layer covering the organ (visceral layer).
Aging at a cellular level - =Cells mark time too, many approaching the end of a limited number of
predetermined cell divisions as their chromosome tips whittle down. Such cells reaching the end of their
division days may enlarge or die. Some cells may be unable to build the apparatus that pulls apart
replicated chromosomes in a cell on the verge of division. Impaired cell division slows wound healing,
yet at the same time, the inappropriate cell division that underlies cancer becomes more likely. Certain
subcellular functions lose efficiency, including repair of DNA damage and transport of substances into
and out of cells. Aging cells are less efficient at extracting energy from nutrients and breaking down
aged or damaged cell parts.
anatomical position - =Body facing forward, feet are parallel to each other, arms are at he sides with the
palms facing forward
Proximal - =Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
distal - =Away from or farthest from the trunk or the point of origin of a body part
medial - =Closer to the midline of the body
lateral - =Away from the midline of the body
superior - =Higher on the body, nearer to the head
, inferior - =Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below.
anterior - =Front of body/ body structure
posterior - =Nearer to or at the back of the body
ventral - =At the belly side
dorsal - =Backside
Why is chemistry an important part of physiology? - =Understanding the basics of chemistry is essential
for understanding physiology, because body functions result from cellular functions that, in turn, result
from chemical changes.
atom - =Smallest particle of an element
element - =A pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical or physical
means
molecule - =Two or more atoms may combine to form a distinctive type of particle
compound - =(chemistry) a substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients
Name the bulk elements in the human body. - =carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and
phosphorus
atomic number - =Number of protons in an atom
atomic weight - =equals the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.
