Chapter 29 Plant Diversity 1: How plants colonized land QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS

Chapter 29 Plant Diversity 1: How plants colonized land
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS



In the beginning how was the terrestrial (land) surface of Earth? - ANSWER - Lifeless
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What two organisms existed first on land? - ANSWER - Cyanobacteria and Protists
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What is cyanobacteria? - ANSWER - photosynthetic bacteria
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What is a protist? - ANSWER - Eukaryote that cannot be classified as an animal, plant, fungi, or bacteria
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What other 3 organisms emerged on land besides Protists and Cyanobacteria (bacteria)? - ANSWER - Fungi, Plants
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and Animals
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After the colonization of plants where did the vast majority of plants live? - ANSWER - On land and very few species hav
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returned back to aquatic habitats
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What is algae? - ANSWER - Photosynthetic Protists not a plant (plant-like but but not a plant)(not in plant kingdom)
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What organism supplies oxygen and is the ultimate source of food eaten by land animals? - ANSWER - Plants
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What organism did plants evolve from? - ANSWER - Green algae
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What is the name of the closest relative of plants? - ANSWER - Charophytes
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What are charophytes? - ANSWER - multicellular freshwater green algae
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What are the 3 green algae divisions? - ANSWER - Charophytes, chlorophytes and strepophyta
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What are the 3 similarity's between plants and green algae? - ANSWER - 1. Formation of phragmoplast (cytokinesis)
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2. Structure of flagellated sperm
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3. Rings of cellulose making proteins
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What is a phragmoplast? - ANSWER - complex assembly of microtubules and microfilaments before cytokinesis
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What prevents exposed zygotes from drying out in Charophytes? - ANSWER - Sporopollenin - a layer of durable polym
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in spore walls
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Where can sporopollenin be found? - ANSWER - Plant spore walls
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What were the 3 benefits from plants migrating from water to land? - ANSWER - 1. Unfiltered sunlight
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2. Plentiful CO2
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3. Nutrient rich soil
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What were the 2 challenges that plant migration faced from water to land? - ANSWER - 1. Lack of water
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2. Lack of structural support against gravity
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What allowed plants to diversify even though they faced many challenges? - ANSWER - Evolution and adaption
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,What is the distinction in terms of plants and algae? - ANSWER - Plants known as embryophytes —> plants with
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embryos
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Algae —> Grow in soil, on trees and on the bodies of turtles and frogs; smallest of all green protists
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What are 5 traits plants have but Charophytes don't? - ANSWER - 1. AOG
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2. Multicellular —> dependent of embryos
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3. Walled spores produced in sporangia
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4. Multicellular gametangia
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5. Apical meristemsmp mp




What is AOG? - ANSWER - Alternation of Generation which means plants alternate between 2 multicellular generation
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What is a Gametophyte? - ANSWER - Gamete producing plant that produces Haploid gametes by process of mitosis
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When the egg and sperm fuse what occurs? - ANSWER - Fertilization
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After __________ mitosis creates a sporophyte which produces haploid spores by meiosis - ANSWER - Fertilization
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Spores develop into what? - ANSWER - Gametophytes mp mp mp mp mp mp mp




What is a sporophyte? - ANSWER - spore producing plant that is in the diploid phase and produces haploid spores
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Is a gametophyte haploid or diploid? - ANSWER - haploid (1n)
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Is a sporophyte haploid or diploid? - ANSWER - diploid (2n)
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Is a spore haploid or diploid? - ANSWER - haploid
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Describe the AOG process. - ANSWER - *haploid Gametophyte makes a haploid egg and sperm that fuse due to mitos
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creating fertilization.
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*Once fertilization takes places a diploid zygote appears and undergoes mitosis to create a diploid sporophyte
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*Diploid sporophyte creates a haploid spore by meiosis and those spores create a gametophyte and the cycle continue
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During AOG Nutrients are transferred from parent to embryo by what? - ANSWER - Placental transfer cells
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During AOG the diploid embryo is retained within the tissue of the female ___________ - ANSWER - Gametophyte
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What is another term for plants? Why? - ANSWER - Embryophyte because of their dependency of the embryo on the
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parent
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What is produced in the sporangia? - ANSWER - spores
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What is the sporangia? - ANSWER - An organ inside the sporophyte which produces spores
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What are sporocytes? - ANSWER - diploid cells that undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores
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What is gametangia? - ANSWER - organs that enclose gametes and prevent them from drying out
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What allows spore walls to be resistant against harsh environments? - ANSWER - Sporopollenin - durable polymer
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