PRINCIPLES OF NEUROSCIENCE FULL STUDY
GUIDES WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTION)/COMPREHENSIVE FREQUENTLY
TESTED QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS/ GET
IT 100% ACCURATE
Electrical synapses - ANS-information will transfer across the synapse instantaneously. Information
arrives at the synapse via action potentials. It flows passively across the synapse by electronic spread.
Cytosol of neurons is continuous. Information spread can be bidirectional
Gap Junctions - ANS-channel that will make the cytosol of electrical synapses continuous. Made up of
many pores.
Pores - ANS-Composed of 12 molecules. 6 connexins on the presynaptic terminal and 6 connexins on the
post synaptic terminal. 12 connexins make up a connexion
Chemical synapses - ANS-Are not continuous. The presynaptic vesicles will be released across the
synapse to the post synaptic receptors. Use chemical transmitters to transmit messages and are
unidirectional.
Small molecule NT - ANS-synthesized in the presynaptic terminal. Enzymes used for synthesis are made
in the cell body. Synthesis takes place in the cytoplasm. NT are taken up into vesicles by transporters on
the vesicle membrane
Peptide NT - ANS-synthesized in the cell body. Loaded into vesicles and transported down the axon by
fast axonal transport.
synapsin - ANS-a family of proteins that are important in regulation of neurotransmitter release at the
synapse. Will connect the transport vesicle to the actin filaments keeping it from being released. Can be
phosphorylated by CAMk2 for release, then moves to dock with presynaptic membrane
SNARE - ANS-snap receptor. Will aid in the fusion of the vesicle to the membrane for neurotransmitter
release. Can be on the vesicle or on the target membrane.
, Synaptotagmin - ANS-Found on the synaptic vesicle. Will bind to calcium, Ca2+ binds to this and changes
the chemical properties. Allows for the insertion into the membrane and mediates NT release.
Clathrin - ANS-binds to the adaptin molecules on the plasma membrane and will cause invagination. This
will cause the formation of a new synaptic vesicles from reuptake of NT
Dynamin - ANS-Will wrap around the invaginated coated vesicle and cause it to break off into the pre
synaptic terminal
Ionotropic - ANS-multimers made up of 4 or 5 protein subunits. Each of these contribute to make up a
pore of the channel. Contains an extracellular domain and a membrane spanning domain. Very fast
Metabatropic - ANS-Do not have ion channels as part of their structures. Activate other proteins in the
cell by activating G-proteins. Contain an extracellular domain that binds a ligand and an intracellular
domain that binds the g-protein.
equilibrium potential - ANS-where the concentration gradient balances out the voltage gradient.
Reversal Potential - ANS-No net current will flow into the cell
Acetylcholine - ANS-first neurotransmitter to be identified by otto loewi in a frog heart experiment. First
NT to demonstrate a quantum release of neurotransmitter by Katz int he frog heart experiment. First
demonstration that depolarization of presynaptic cell increases number of quanta released
Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) - ANS-transfers the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A to choline.
Acetyl-coenzyme A is derived from pyruvate generated by glucose metabolism
vesicular cholinergic transporter (VAChT) - ANS-uptakes acetylcholine into vesicles. Will exchange
acetylcholine for hydrogen. The low ph inside of the vesicles will drive the exchange for acetylcholine
and H+.
Acetyl cholinesterase (Ache) - ANS-fast acting enzyme that will hydrolyze choline and acetate. Is
concentrating in the synaptic cleft.
Nicotinic Receptor - ANS-ionotropic, activated by nicotine. Has dual binding site for Ach. very fast.
composed of 5 membrane spanning subunits, 2 alpha, one beta, one gamma, one delta. with 4
transmembrane domains (tm1-tm4)
Muscarinic receptor - ANS-metabatropic. Activated also by muscarine. Has single binding site for Ach.
Has slower response. Can be excitatory or inhibitory
Glutamate - ANS-the most abundant neurotransmitter in the body. Is the main excitatory NT. Used at
greater than 50% of synapses. Synthesized inside of the neuron.
Glutaminase - ANS-is an aminohydrolase enzyme that generates glutamate from glutamine. Glutamine is
taken up into cells by the ATPase transporter System A transporter 2 (SAT2).
GUIDES WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTION)/COMPREHENSIVE FREQUENTLY
TESTED QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS/ GET
IT 100% ACCURATE
Electrical synapses - ANS-information will transfer across the synapse instantaneously. Information
arrives at the synapse via action potentials. It flows passively across the synapse by electronic spread.
Cytosol of neurons is continuous. Information spread can be bidirectional
Gap Junctions - ANS-channel that will make the cytosol of electrical synapses continuous. Made up of
many pores.
Pores - ANS-Composed of 12 molecules. 6 connexins on the presynaptic terminal and 6 connexins on the
post synaptic terminal. 12 connexins make up a connexion
Chemical synapses - ANS-Are not continuous. The presynaptic vesicles will be released across the
synapse to the post synaptic receptors. Use chemical transmitters to transmit messages and are
unidirectional.
Small molecule NT - ANS-synthesized in the presynaptic terminal. Enzymes used for synthesis are made
in the cell body. Synthesis takes place in the cytoplasm. NT are taken up into vesicles by transporters on
the vesicle membrane
Peptide NT - ANS-synthesized in the cell body. Loaded into vesicles and transported down the axon by
fast axonal transport.
synapsin - ANS-a family of proteins that are important in regulation of neurotransmitter release at the
synapse. Will connect the transport vesicle to the actin filaments keeping it from being released. Can be
phosphorylated by CAMk2 for release, then moves to dock with presynaptic membrane
SNARE - ANS-snap receptor. Will aid in the fusion of the vesicle to the membrane for neurotransmitter
release. Can be on the vesicle or on the target membrane.
, Synaptotagmin - ANS-Found on the synaptic vesicle. Will bind to calcium, Ca2+ binds to this and changes
the chemical properties. Allows for the insertion into the membrane and mediates NT release.
Clathrin - ANS-binds to the adaptin molecules on the plasma membrane and will cause invagination. This
will cause the formation of a new synaptic vesicles from reuptake of NT
Dynamin - ANS-Will wrap around the invaginated coated vesicle and cause it to break off into the pre
synaptic terminal
Ionotropic - ANS-multimers made up of 4 or 5 protein subunits. Each of these contribute to make up a
pore of the channel. Contains an extracellular domain and a membrane spanning domain. Very fast
Metabatropic - ANS-Do not have ion channels as part of their structures. Activate other proteins in the
cell by activating G-proteins. Contain an extracellular domain that binds a ligand and an intracellular
domain that binds the g-protein.
equilibrium potential - ANS-where the concentration gradient balances out the voltage gradient.
Reversal Potential - ANS-No net current will flow into the cell
Acetylcholine - ANS-first neurotransmitter to be identified by otto loewi in a frog heart experiment. First
NT to demonstrate a quantum release of neurotransmitter by Katz int he frog heart experiment. First
demonstration that depolarization of presynaptic cell increases number of quanta released
Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) - ANS-transfers the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A to choline.
Acetyl-coenzyme A is derived from pyruvate generated by glucose metabolism
vesicular cholinergic transporter (VAChT) - ANS-uptakes acetylcholine into vesicles. Will exchange
acetylcholine for hydrogen. The low ph inside of the vesicles will drive the exchange for acetylcholine
and H+.
Acetyl cholinesterase (Ache) - ANS-fast acting enzyme that will hydrolyze choline and acetate. Is
concentrating in the synaptic cleft.
Nicotinic Receptor - ANS-ionotropic, activated by nicotine. Has dual binding site for Ach. very fast.
composed of 5 membrane spanning subunits, 2 alpha, one beta, one gamma, one delta. with 4
transmembrane domains (tm1-tm4)
Muscarinic receptor - ANS-metabatropic. Activated also by muscarine. Has single binding site for Ach.
Has slower response. Can be excitatory or inhibitory
Glutamate - ANS-the most abundant neurotransmitter in the body. Is the main excitatory NT. Used at
greater than 50% of synapses. Synthesized inside of the neuron.
Glutaminase - ANS-is an aminohydrolase enzyme that generates glutamate from glutamine. Glutamine is
taken up into cells by the ATPase transporter System A transporter 2 (SAT2).
