PATH 1000 MIDTERM 2
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100%
VERIFIED
Nociceptive Pain - ANSWER - pain receptors in the PNS being stimulated by
mechanical, thermal or chemical means
Pain Threshold - ANSWER - lowest intensity of pain that a person recognizes
Pain Tolerance - ANSWER - greatest intensity of pain that can be endured
Acute Pain - ANSWER - protective mechanism and sudden onset. Warning of an
actual or impending tissue injury
- Presents as increased HR, HTN, diaphoresis and anxiety
Somatic Pain - ANSWER - occurs in connective tissue, muscle, bone and skin
Visceral Pain - ANSWER - pain in internal organs and lining of body cavities
associated with nausea, vomiting and restlessness
Referred Pain - ANSWER - occurs in an area distant from the point of region
- Visceral sensory fibers enter the spinal cord along with sensory fibers from another
point in the body → fibers converge → carry signals to the cerebral cortex
Persistent Pain (Chronic Pain) - ANSWER - pain lasting longer than 3 months and
may be persistent. Onset can be sudden or develop insidiously
- Leads to physiological adaptation & behavioural and psychological changes
,Neuralgia - ANSWER - pain in the distribution of a nerve
Neuropathic Pain - ANSWER - pain caused by a lesion or dysfunction of the nervous
system
Phantom Limb Pain - ANSWER - neuropathic pain from nerve trauma or disease
- Occurs in patients who had pain prior to amputation
- Cause:
• Hyperactivity of peripheral nerves
• Scar tissue
• Neuroma formation
Myofascial Pain - ANSWER - pain and inflammation in the fascia that covers muscles
due to injury and spams (chronic condition)
Thermoregulation - ANSWER - process that allows your body to maintain its core
internal temperature mediated by the hypothalamus and endocrine system
How does aging affect thermoregulation? - ANSWER - - Decreased shivering
- Slowed BMR
- Decreased sweating
- Slowed blood circulation
- Changes to the skin
- Decreased heat producing activities
Mechanism of Heat Loss - ANSWER - - Autonomic Nervous system:
• Evaporation & vasodilation
- Relation to environmental temperature:
• Radiation
• Conduction
,• Convection - transfer liquids/gases through the air from a warmer environment to
a cooler environment
Glaucoma - ANSWER - vision loss due to damage of the optic nerve resulting in
increased pressure within the eye (interocular pressure - IOP). Affects peripheral
Vision
Open Angle Glaucoma - ANSWER - (most common form) occurs due to blockage of
the trabecular network → increased IOP
Heat Cramps - ANSWER - heat illness due to muscle spasms from loss of large
amount of salt and water through exercise
Heat Exhaustion - ANSWER - result of body overheating
- S/S: dizziness, headache, heat sweating, paleness, muscle cramps
Heat Stroke - ANSWER - severe heat illness that results in a body temperature
greater than 130°F
- S/S: throbbing headache, unconsciousness, confusion, rapid/strong pulse,
red/hot/dry skin (no sweating)
Hypothermia - ANSWER - core body temperature falls below 35°C
- Causes:
• Prolonged cold exposure → vasoconstriction, increased blood viscosity, ischemic
damage
- Clinical Manifestations:
• Shivering, increased risk of coagulation, ice crystals form in cells causing them to
rupture and die
, Mechanism of Heat Conservation - ANSWER - - Vasoconstriction by sympathetic
nervous system
Ex: dressing in layers helps with heat conservation as it traps heat in
Fever - ANSWER - temporary response to either endogenous or exogenous pyrogens
- Hypothalamus & Brainstem Cause:
• Increased heat production & conservation
• Peripheral vasoconstriction
• Epinephrine release
How does fever effect older adults & infants? - ANSWER - - Older Adults
• Limited fever response to infection
• May lead to increased morbidity & mortality
- Infants
• Inability to shiver
• High temps can occur in mild infections
• May develop febrile seizures
Hyperthermia - ANSWER - increased body temperature without hypothalamus
trigger.
- Can lead to nerve damage, convulsions & death
Stages of Sleep - ANSWER - - Non Rapid Eye Movement (Non-REM)
1. Stage 1: your eyes are closed, but easy to wake you up. Lasts for 5-10 minutes
2. Stage 2: you are in light sleep. Heart rate slows and body temperature drops.
Body prepares for deep sleep
3. Stage 3: deep sleep stage. Body repairs and regrows tissues, builds bone and
muscle, and strengthens immune system
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100%
VERIFIED
Nociceptive Pain - ANSWER - pain receptors in the PNS being stimulated by
mechanical, thermal or chemical means
Pain Threshold - ANSWER - lowest intensity of pain that a person recognizes
Pain Tolerance - ANSWER - greatest intensity of pain that can be endured
Acute Pain - ANSWER - protective mechanism and sudden onset. Warning of an
actual or impending tissue injury
- Presents as increased HR, HTN, diaphoresis and anxiety
Somatic Pain - ANSWER - occurs in connective tissue, muscle, bone and skin
Visceral Pain - ANSWER - pain in internal organs and lining of body cavities
associated with nausea, vomiting and restlessness
Referred Pain - ANSWER - occurs in an area distant from the point of region
- Visceral sensory fibers enter the spinal cord along with sensory fibers from another
point in the body → fibers converge → carry signals to the cerebral cortex
Persistent Pain (Chronic Pain) - ANSWER - pain lasting longer than 3 months and
may be persistent. Onset can be sudden or develop insidiously
- Leads to physiological adaptation & behavioural and psychological changes
,Neuralgia - ANSWER - pain in the distribution of a nerve
Neuropathic Pain - ANSWER - pain caused by a lesion or dysfunction of the nervous
system
Phantom Limb Pain - ANSWER - neuropathic pain from nerve trauma or disease
- Occurs in patients who had pain prior to amputation
- Cause:
• Hyperactivity of peripheral nerves
• Scar tissue
• Neuroma formation
Myofascial Pain - ANSWER - pain and inflammation in the fascia that covers muscles
due to injury and spams (chronic condition)
Thermoregulation - ANSWER - process that allows your body to maintain its core
internal temperature mediated by the hypothalamus and endocrine system
How does aging affect thermoregulation? - ANSWER - - Decreased shivering
- Slowed BMR
- Decreased sweating
- Slowed blood circulation
- Changes to the skin
- Decreased heat producing activities
Mechanism of Heat Loss - ANSWER - - Autonomic Nervous system:
• Evaporation & vasodilation
- Relation to environmental temperature:
• Radiation
• Conduction
,• Convection - transfer liquids/gases through the air from a warmer environment to
a cooler environment
Glaucoma - ANSWER - vision loss due to damage of the optic nerve resulting in
increased pressure within the eye (interocular pressure - IOP). Affects peripheral
Vision
Open Angle Glaucoma - ANSWER - (most common form) occurs due to blockage of
the trabecular network → increased IOP
Heat Cramps - ANSWER - heat illness due to muscle spasms from loss of large
amount of salt and water through exercise
Heat Exhaustion - ANSWER - result of body overheating
- S/S: dizziness, headache, heat sweating, paleness, muscle cramps
Heat Stroke - ANSWER - severe heat illness that results in a body temperature
greater than 130°F
- S/S: throbbing headache, unconsciousness, confusion, rapid/strong pulse,
red/hot/dry skin (no sweating)
Hypothermia - ANSWER - core body temperature falls below 35°C
- Causes:
• Prolonged cold exposure → vasoconstriction, increased blood viscosity, ischemic
damage
- Clinical Manifestations:
• Shivering, increased risk of coagulation, ice crystals form in cells causing them to
rupture and die
, Mechanism of Heat Conservation - ANSWER - - Vasoconstriction by sympathetic
nervous system
Ex: dressing in layers helps with heat conservation as it traps heat in
Fever - ANSWER - temporary response to either endogenous or exogenous pyrogens
- Hypothalamus & Brainstem Cause:
• Increased heat production & conservation
• Peripheral vasoconstriction
• Epinephrine release
How does fever effect older adults & infants? - ANSWER - - Older Adults
• Limited fever response to infection
• May lead to increased morbidity & mortality
- Infants
• Inability to shiver
• High temps can occur in mild infections
• May develop febrile seizures
Hyperthermia - ANSWER - increased body temperature without hypothalamus
trigger.
- Can lead to nerve damage, convulsions & death
Stages of Sleep - ANSWER - - Non Rapid Eye Movement (Non-REM)
1. Stage 1: your eyes are closed, but easy to wake you up. Lasts for 5-10 minutes
2. Stage 2: you are in light sleep. Heart rate slows and body temperature drops.
Body prepares for deep sleep
3. Stage 3: deep sleep stage. Body repairs and regrows tissues, builds bone and
muscle, and strengthens immune system
