BMS 430 Exam 2 Questions with Correct Answers Latest Version 2025
ATP - Answers Currency for the process of growth (DNA replication, cell division, protein synthesis) as
well as maintainance of H2O, salt conc., temp, BP, and other homeostatic mechanisms
Nutrient energy balance - Answers Homeostatic regulation of acquisition/cessation of nutrient pursuit
3 nutrient groups - Answers -Carbohydrate
-Protein
-Fats
Certain cell types have specific... - Answers Nutrient needs, such as neurons which must utilize glucose
Monosaccharides - Answers Glucose, fructose, galactose
Sucrose is composed of - Answers Glucose and fructose
Lactose is composed of - Answers Glucose and galactose
Glycogen - Answers Storage form of glucose
Amino acid use in the cell - Answers Cleaving of peptide bonds in ingested proteins allow for re-utilizing
free into new protein
Gluconeogenesis - Answers Formation of glucose from ingested proteins broken down into amino acids,
enzymes that facilitate this process inhibit cells that undergo gluconeogenesis from immediately
uptaking/breaking down the newly made energy costly glucose for energy so it can be utilized as fuel for
the brain
Fats - Answers Dense energy source that is typically stored until needed in a starvation state, cannot
make glucose out of it
Absorptive state - Answers 3-4 hour period immediately following consumption of a meal where glucose
is being utilized as a source and leftover stored as glycogen, fatty acids are stored, amino acids are
utilized for new protein synthesis
Postabsorptive state - Answers Begins 3-4 hours after ingesting a meal until the next meal where
glycogen is being broken down into glucose for energy, followed by fatty acids are broken down for
energy, followed by amino acid breakdown for energy
Timeline of T3/T4 response - Answers Hours to days due to nuclear receptors for the hormone, with the
exception of a small spike initially for a small conc. of membrane receptors
T3/4 synthesis and release - Answers TSH binding to a follicular cell receptor causes an increase in
intracellular cAMP, increased thyroglobulin synthesis and movement of it to the colloid space, increased
iodine trapping mechanism moving iodine to the colloid space, coupling mechanism occuring in the
, colloid space creating T3/T4, then endocytosis back up and exocytosis out of the cell, released during
day and decreased release at night
T3/T4 function - Answers Create enzymes of metabolism to increase BMR, stimulate via phosphorylation
enzymes of metabolism secondarily, allowing for production of other hormones including GH, prolactin,
and nerve growth factor (permissive effects)
T3/T4 target tissue - Answers All cells in the body, they all have a T3/4 receptor, absorb the hormone
where it is cleaved to T3 the active form, a separate binding protein carries it either to the nucleus or
mitochondria
T3/T4 target tissue response - Answers Increased synthesis of enzymes of metabolic processes such as
glycolysis or TCA
After exercise, due to the increased ATP demand, what happens to TH levels? - Answers They increase
Grave's disease/LATS - Answers Autoimmune hyperthyroid disease where antibody binds TSH receptor
increasing T3/T4 release resulting in increased body temp/sweat, increased appetite, decreased skeletal
muscle mass, characteristic buildup of fatty tissue behind eyes
Treatment for grave's disease/LATS - Answers -Thyroid gland removal
-Addition of radioactive iodine to kill follicular cells and instead supply exogenous T4
Iodine Deficiency - Answers Hypothyroidism resulting in synthesis of T1 and T2's instead of 3 and 4's,
cannot let hormone provide negative feedback on TSH resulting in unregulated thyroglobulin synthesis
resulting in goiter
Hashimoto's disease - Answers Autoimmune disease in which body's own antibodies react to follicular
cells in the thyroid gland killing follicles, has characteristic bags under eyes formation
Treatment for Hashimoto's disease - Answers Exogenous T4 ingestion
Thyroid cancer - Answers A common form of cancer seen 3x more often in females than males,
procedure is to remove thyroid and supplement with exogenous T4 ingestion
Ca2+ homeostasis - Answers Important ion that plays a large role in multiple metabolic processes within
the body, maintained by a balance of hormonal action
The thyroid and parathyroid mechanism of maintenance of Ca2+ levels - Answers Both are bathed in
interstitial fluid around giving them access to monitor via receptors the conc. of Ca2+ in their
environment
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) synthesis and release - Answers Synthesized within the parathyroid glands
and released upon drop in blood Ca2+ levels
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) function - Answers Raise blood calcium level
ATP - Answers Currency for the process of growth (DNA replication, cell division, protein synthesis) as
well as maintainance of H2O, salt conc., temp, BP, and other homeostatic mechanisms
Nutrient energy balance - Answers Homeostatic regulation of acquisition/cessation of nutrient pursuit
3 nutrient groups - Answers -Carbohydrate
-Protein
-Fats
Certain cell types have specific... - Answers Nutrient needs, such as neurons which must utilize glucose
Monosaccharides - Answers Glucose, fructose, galactose
Sucrose is composed of - Answers Glucose and fructose
Lactose is composed of - Answers Glucose and galactose
Glycogen - Answers Storage form of glucose
Amino acid use in the cell - Answers Cleaving of peptide bonds in ingested proteins allow for re-utilizing
free into new protein
Gluconeogenesis - Answers Formation of glucose from ingested proteins broken down into amino acids,
enzymes that facilitate this process inhibit cells that undergo gluconeogenesis from immediately
uptaking/breaking down the newly made energy costly glucose for energy so it can be utilized as fuel for
the brain
Fats - Answers Dense energy source that is typically stored until needed in a starvation state, cannot
make glucose out of it
Absorptive state - Answers 3-4 hour period immediately following consumption of a meal where glucose
is being utilized as a source and leftover stored as glycogen, fatty acids are stored, amino acids are
utilized for new protein synthesis
Postabsorptive state - Answers Begins 3-4 hours after ingesting a meal until the next meal where
glycogen is being broken down into glucose for energy, followed by fatty acids are broken down for
energy, followed by amino acid breakdown for energy
Timeline of T3/T4 response - Answers Hours to days due to nuclear receptors for the hormone, with the
exception of a small spike initially for a small conc. of membrane receptors
T3/4 synthesis and release - Answers TSH binding to a follicular cell receptor causes an increase in
intracellular cAMP, increased thyroglobulin synthesis and movement of it to the colloid space, increased
iodine trapping mechanism moving iodine to the colloid space, coupling mechanism occuring in the
, colloid space creating T3/T4, then endocytosis back up and exocytosis out of the cell, released during
day and decreased release at night
T3/T4 function - Answers Create enzymes of metabolism to increase BMR, stimulate via phosphorylation
enzymes of metabolism secondarily, allowing for production of other hormones including GH, prolactin,
and nerve growth factor (permissive effects)
T3/T4 target tissue - Answers All cells in the body, they all have a T3/4 receptor, absorb the hormone
where it is cleaved to T3 the active form, a separate binding protein carries it either to the nucleus or
mitochondria
T3/T4 target tissue response - Answers Increased synthesis of enzymes of metabolic processes such as
glycolysis or TCA
After exercise, due to the increased ATP demand, what happens to TH levels? - Answers They increase
Grave's disease/LATS - Answers Autoimmune hyperthyroid disease where antibody binds TSH receptor
increasing T3/T4 release resulting in increased body temp/sweat, increased appetite, decreased skeletal
muscle mass, characteristic buildup of fatty tissue behind eyes
Treatment for grave's disease/LATS - Answers -Thyroid gland removal
-Addition of radioactive iodine to kill follicular cells and instead supply exogenous T4
Iodine Deficiency - Answers Hypothyroidism resulting in synthesis of T1 and T2's instead of 3 and 4's,
cannot let hormone provide negative feedback on TSH resulting in unregulated thyroglobulin synthesis
resulting in goiter
Hashimoto's disease - Answers Autoimmune disease in which body's own antibodies react to follicular
cells in the thyroid gland killing follicles, has characteristic bags under eyes formation
Treatment for Hashimoto's disease - Answers Exogenous T4 ingestion
Thyroid cancer - Answers A common form of cancer seen 3x more often in females than males,
procedure is to remove thyroid and supplement with exogenous T4 ingestion
Ca2+ homeostasis - Answers Important ion that plays a large role in multiple metabolic processes within
the body, maintained by a balance of hormonal action
The thyroid and parathyroid mechanism of maintenance of Ca2+ levels - Answers Both are bathed in
interstitial fluid around giving them access to monitor via receptors the conc. of Ca2+ in their
environment
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) synthesis and release - Answers Synthesized within the parathyroid glands
and released upon drop in blood Ca2+ levels
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) function - Answers Raise blood calcium level
