PATH 1000 Final Exam
When is the difference between open and closed pneumothorax? - ✔️✔️Open air
pressure enters into pleural space during inspiration and exits during expiration. Closed
air does not escape pleural space during expiration
Presence of fluid in plural space - ✔️✔️pleural effusion
Collection of blood in the pleural space - ✔️✔️hemothorax
Presence of pus in the plural space - ✔️✔️Empyema
what is a restrictive lung disorder - ✔️✔️decrease compliance of the lung tissue
What is the impact from restrictive lung disorders? - ✔️✔️Individuals experience
dyspnea, increased respiratory rate, and decreased tidal volume
Coughing up blood - ✔️✔️hemoptysis
What is kussmal respiration? - ✔️✔️increased respirations and tidal volumes
Alternating breathing patterns of deep and shallow breathing - ✔️✔️cheyne-stokes
What is hypoxemia - ✔️✔️reduced oxygenation of arterial blood
What is hypoxia? - ✔️✔️deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues
What happens in respiratory failure? - ✔️✔️Defined as inadequate gas exchange. Can
result from injury to lungs, airway or chest wall or indirectly from disease to other body
systems
What is flail chest? - ✔️✔️Results from fractures of ribs, which allow ribs to move
independently during respiration
Clinical manifestations flail chest? (5) - ✔️✔️-Pain in chest
-Tenderness
-Difficulty breathing
-Bruising and inflammation
-Paradoxical movement when breathing
,What is pulmonary disease? - ✔️✔️Type of disease that affects the lungs and other
associated parts of the respiratory system.
Describe pulmonary disease - ✔️✔️Acute, obstructive, chronic or infectious/non-
infectious
Pulmonary disease can be associated with other organs - True or False - ✔️✔️True -
the heart in particular
Signs and symptoms of pulmonary disease (8) - ✔️✔️-Dyspnea
-Cough
-Sputum
-Pain
-Cyanosis
-Clubbing
-Hemopysis
-Abnormal breathing patterns
What is primary (spontaneous) pneumothorax? - ✔️✔️occurs when a small air blister
(bleb) on the top of the lung ruptures
What is secondary pneumothorax? - ✔️✔️Caused by disease, trauma, injury, or
condition
What causes iatrogenic pneumothorax? - ✔️✔️transthoracic needle aspiration
Passage of fluid and solid particles into the lung - ✔️✔️Aspiration
Clinical manifestations of aspiration? - ✔️✔️-Sudden onset of choking
-Intractable cough
-fever
-dyspnea
-Wheezing
Collapse of lung tissue - ✔️✔️atelectasis
What are the 3 types of atelectasis? - ✔️✔️- Compression
- Absorption
- Surfactant
Clinical manifestations of atelectasis? (4) - ✔️✔️-Dyspnea
-Fever
-Cough
-Leukocytosis
, persistant abnormal dilation of the bronchi - ✔️✔️Bronchiectasis
clinical manifestations include: chronic productive cough, a lot of foul smelling sputum,
hemoptysis and clubbing - ✔️✔️bronchiectasis
excessive amount of fibrous or connective tissue in the lungs - ✔️✔️pulmonary fibrosis
Pathophysiology of pulmonary fibrosis - ✔️✔️caused by formation of scar tissue after
active pulmonary diseases, autoimmune disorders, arthritis, or inhalation injuries -
chronic inflammation leads to fibrosis and marked loss of lung compliance
Can occur in otherwise healthy individuals in association with an upper or lower
respiratory tract infection - ✔️✔️bronchiolitis in adults
excess water in the lungs - ✔️✔️pulmonary edema
causes of pulmonary edema - ✔️✔️left sided heart disease or capillary injury
clinical manifestations of pulmonary edema? (5) - ✔️✔️-Dyspnea
-Hypoxemia
-increased work of breathing
-Crackles (rales)
-Dullness on percussion
Treatment for pulmonary edema - ✔️✔️depends on cause - left sided heart failure:
diuretics, vasodilators and medications, capillary injury: maintain adequate ventilation
and circulation
Represents a spectrum of acute lung inflammation and defuse alveolocapillary injury -
✔️✔️acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Clinical manifestations of ARDS? (6) - ✔️✔️-dyspnea
-hyperventilation
-decreased perfusion
-organ dysfunction
-increased work of breathing
-decreased tidal volume
What is asthma? - ✔️✔️chronic lung disease causing narrowing and inflammation of
the airways particularly the bronchi and bronchioles
Clinical manifestations of asthma? - ✔️✔️- chest constriction
- expiratory wheezing
When is the difference between open and closed pneumothorax? - ✔️✔️Open air
pressure enters into pleural space during inspiration and exits during expiration. Closed
air does not escape pleural space during expiration
Presence of fluid in plural space - ✔️✔️pleural effusion
Collection of blood in the pleural space - ✔️✔️hemothorax
Presence of pus in the plural space - ✔️✔️Empyema
what is a restrictive lung disorder - ✔️✔️decrease compliance of the lung tissue
What is the impact from restrictive lung disorders? - ✔️✔️Individuals experience
dyspnea, increased respiratory rate, and decreased tidal volume
Coughing up blood - ✔️✔️hemoptysis
What is kussmal respiration? - ✔️✔️increased respirations and tidal volumes
Alternating breathing patterns of deep and shallow breathing - ✔️✔️cheyne-stokes
What is hypoxemia - ✔️✔️reduced oxygenation of arterial blood
What is hypoxia? - ✔️✔️deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues
What happens in respiratory failure? - ✔️✔️Defined as inadequate gas exchange. Can
result from injury to lungs, airway or chest wall or indirectly from disease to other body
systems
What is flail chest? - ✔️✔️Results from fractures of ribs, which allow ribs to move
independently during respiration
Clinical manifestations flail chest? (5) - ✔️✔️-Pain in chest
-Tenderness
-Difficulty breathing
-Bruising and inflammation
-Paradoxical movement when breathing
,What is pulmonary disease? - ✔️✔️Type of disease that affects the lungs and other
associated parts of the respiratory system.
Describe pulmonary disease - ✔️✔️Acute, obstructive, chronic or infectious/non-
infectious
Pulmonary disease can be associated with other organs - True or False - ✔️✔️True -
the heart in particular
Signs and symptoms of pulmonary disease (8) - ✔️✔️-Dyspnea
-Cough
-Sputum
-Pain
-Cyanosis
-Clubbing
-Hemopysis
-Abnormal breathing patterns
What is primary (spontaneous) pneumothorax? - ✔️✔️occurs when a small air blister
(bleb) on the top of the lung ruptures
What is secondary pneumothorax? - ✔️✔️Caused by disease, trauma, injury, or
condition
What causes iatrogenic pneumothorax? - ✔️✔️transthoracic needle aspiration
Passage of fluid and solid particles into the lung - ✔️✔️Aspiration
Clinical manifestations of aspiration? - ✔️✔️-Sudden onset of choking
-Intractable cough
-fever
-dyspnea
-Wheezing
Collapse of lung tissue - ✔️✔️atelectasis
What are the 3 types of atelectasis? - ✔️✔️- Compression
- Absorption
- Surfactant
Clinical manifestations of atelectasis? (4) - ✔️✔️-Dyspnea
-Fever
-Cough
-Leukocytosis
, persistant abnormal dilation of the bronchi - ✔️✔️Bronchiectasis
clinical manifestations include: chronic productive cough, a lot of foul smelling sputum,
hemoptysis and clubbing - ✔️✔️bronchiectasis
excessive amount of fibrous or connective tissue in the lungs - ✔️✔️pulmonary fibrosis
Pathophysiology of pulmonary fibrosis - ✔️✔️caused by formation of scar tissue after
active pulmonary diseases, autoimmune disorders, arthritis, or inhalation injuries -
chronic inflammation leads to fibrosis and marked loss of lung compliance
Can occur in otherwise healthy individuals in association with an upper or lower
respiratory tract infection - ✔️✔️bronchiolitis in adults
excess water in the lungs - ✔️✔️pulmonary edema
causes of pulmonary edema - ✔️✔️left sided heart disease or capillary injury
clinical manifestations of pulmonary edema? (5) - ✔️✔️-Dyspnea
-Hypoxemia
-increased work of breathing
-Crackles (rales)
-Dullness on percussion
Treatment for pulmonary edema - ✔️✔️depends on cause - left sided heart failure:
diuretics, vasodilators and medications, capillary injury: maintain adequate ventilation
and circulation
Represents a spectrum of acute lung inflammation and defuse alveolocapillary injury -
✔️✔️acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Clinical manifestations of ARDS? (6) - ✔️✔️-dyspnea
-hyperventilation
-decreased perfusion
-organ dysfunction
-increased work of breathing
-decreased tidal volume
What is asthma? - ✔️✔️chronic lung disease causing narrowing and inflammation of
the airways particularly the bronchi and bronchioles
Clinical manifestations of asthma? - ✔️✔️- chest constriction
- expiratory wheezing
