BIO457 Exam 1Already Passed
Toxicology - =study of poisons on biological organisms
broad field of study with many subspecialties
Human Toxicology - =interaction between poisons and the human body
Core Principles of Human Toxicology - =AMDE
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination
Xenobiotic - =any substance, harmful or not, that is foreign to a given biological system
(e.g., poison or drug)
Poison - =any agent that impairs health or destroys life
Toxin - =poisonous substance of human origin
ex: pesticides
Dose - =Amount (level) of exposure
Toxic/Toxicity - =the degree to which something is poisonous
end result of being exposed
Risk - =probability that exposure will cause harm
based on potency of poisons
objectives of risk assessment - =1. Balance risks and benefits
2. Set target levels of risk
,3. Set priorities for program activities
4. Estimate residual risks and extent of risk reduction after steps are taken to reduce risks
qualitative aspects of risk assessment - =consistency of toxicological findings
-species
-target organs affected
-reproducibility
-adequacy of tests to detect adverse endpoints
Toxicokinetics - =study of the movement of xenobiotics in the body
can predict how poisonous a xenobiotic may be
toxicodynamics - =study of the interaction of xenobiotics with biological tissue
Biometabolism/biotransformation - =chemical alteration of xenobiotics by biological processes
Sources of exposure to poisons - =Food, Drugs, Home Products, Lifestyle, UV sunlight
Microorganisms - exposure to toxins - =Toxic Algae Blooms
Plants - exposure to toxins - =Poison Ivy, Poison Hemlock
Animals - exposure to toxins - =Spiders, Snakes, Scorpions
Agriculture - exposure to pollution - =fertilizers/pesticides/herbicides
, Combustion of fossil fuels - exposure to pollution - =coal, oil, gas
Bioaccumulation - =The accumulation of a substance, such as a toxic chemical, in various tissues
of a living organism.
Biomagnification - =the concentration of toxins in an organism as a result of its ingesting other
plants or animals in which the toxins are more widely disbursed.
Relationship between exposure to pollution and health example - =exposure of pregnant women
to insecticides
Autism Risk was higher in children of pregnant women living near agricultural pesticides areas
Non-selectivity of pesticides - =effect on birds, like song/predatory species
effect on pollinating insects, like bees and butterflies
Applied Toxicology Includes - =Medical Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Forensic
Toxicology, Occupational Toxicology, Environmental Toxicology, Regulatory Toxicology
Medical Toxicology - =officially recognized subspecialty of medicine by the American Board of
Medical Specialties "dedicated to the evaluation and treatment of poisoned patients."
Diagnosis/management of exposure
Pharmaceutical Toxicology - =Analysis of the toxic potential of new or current drugs
Forensic Toxicology - =the analysis of biological samples for the presence of toxins, including
drugs to make interferences when determining a substance's potential effect on an individuals
death, illness, or mental or physical impairment
Occupational Toxicology - =identification of and exposure to toxic hazard in the workplace
Environmental Toxicology - =Behavior and detection of toxic substances in the environment
Toxicology - =study of poisons on biological organisms
broad field of study with many subspecialties
Human Toxicology - =interaction between poisons and the human body
Core Principles of Human Toxicology - =AMDE
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination
Xenobiotic - =any substance, harmful or not, that is foreign to a given biological system
(e.g., poison or drug)
Poison - =any agent that impairs health or destroys life
Toxin - =poisonous substance of human origin
ex: pesticides
Dose - =Amount (level) of exposure
Toxic/Toxicity - =the degree to which something is poisonous
end result of being exposed
Risk - =probability that exposure will cause harm
based on potency of poisons
objectives of risk assessment - =1. Balance risks and benefits
2. Set target levels of risk
,3. Set priorities for program activities
4. Estimate residual risks and extent of risk reduction after steps are taken to reduce risks
qualitative aspects of risk assessment - =consistency of toxicological findings
-species
-target organs affected
-reproducibility
-adequacy of tests to detect adverse endpoints
Toxicokinetics - =study of the movement of xenobiotics in the body
can predict how poisonous a xenobiotic may be
toxicodynamics - =study of the interaction of xenobiotics with biological tissue
Biometabolism/biotransformation - =chemical alteration of xenobiotics by biological processes
Sources of exposure to poisons - =Food, Drugs, Home Products, Lifestyle, UV sunlight
Microorganisms - exposure to toxins - =Toxic Algae Blooms
Plants - exposure to toxins - =Poison Ivy, Poison Hemlock
Animals - exposure to toxins - =Spiders, Snakes, Scorpions
Agriculture - exposure to pollution - =fertilizers/pesticides/herbicides
, Combustion of fossil fuels - exposure to pollution - =coal, oil, gas
Bioaccumulation - =The accumulation of a substance, such as a toxic chemical, in various tissues
of a living organism.
Biomagnification - =the concentration of toxins in an organism as a result of its ingesting other
plants or animals in which the toxins are more widely disbursed.
Relationship between exposure to pollution and health example - =exposure of pregnant women
to insecticides
Autism Risk was higher in children of pregnant women living near agricultural pesticides areas
Non-selectivity of pesticides - =effect on birds, like song/predatory species
effect on pollinating insects, like bees and butterflies
Applied Toxicology Includes - =Medical Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Forensic
Toxicology, Occupational Toxicology, Environmental Toxicology, Regulatory Toxicology
Medical Toxicology - =officially recognized subspecialty of medicine by the American Board of
Medical Specialties "dedicated to the evaluation and treatment of poisoned patients."
Diagnosis/management of exposure
Pharmaceutical Toxicology - =Analysis of the toxic potential of new or current drugs
Forensic Toxicology - =the analysis of biological samples for the presence of toxins, including
drugs to make interferences when determining a substance's potential effect on an individuals
death, illness, or mental or physical impairment
Occupational Toxicology - =identification of and exposure to toxic hazard in the workplace
Environmental Toxicology - =Behavior and detection of toxic substances in the environment
