Chemistry class 12th Conductivity measurement

Measurement of Conductivity of Ionic Solutions


1. Introduction to Conductivity
Conductivity is the ability of an ionic solution to conduct electricity. It depends on the concentration
of ions, their mobility, and temperature. This property is widely used in chemical and industrial
applications.

2. Types of Conductivity Measurements
- Specific Conductivity: Conductivity per unit length.
- Molar Conductivity: Conductivity per mole of solute.
- Equivalent Conductivity: Conductivity per equivalent of solute.

3. Principles of Conductivity Measurement
Conductivity is based on Ohm's law, where electrical conductivity (sigma) is the reciprocal of
resistance (R). The movement of ions in the solution determines its conductivity, which is measured
using a conductivity meter.

4. Methods and Instruments Used
- Conductivity meters: Measure ionic conductivity using electrodes.
- Electrodes and cells: Commonly platinum or graphite electrodes are used.
- Calibration: Standard solutions are used to calibrate instruments.

5. Applications of Conductivity Measurement
- Water quality testing: Determines purity of drinking and industrial water.
- Industrial applications: Used in chemical and pharmaceutical industries.
- Research and development: Helps in studying electrolyte behavior.

6. Experimental Procedure
1. Prepare the ionic solution and place it in a clean conductivity cell.
2. Connect the electrodes to the conductivity meter and calibrate with standard solutions.
3. Immerse the electrodes and measure the conductivity.
4. Record and analyze data to determine ionic properties.

7. Conclusion
Conductivity measurement is a crucial technique in chemistry and industry. By understanding the
principles and proper calibration methods, accurate measurements can be obtained for various
applications.