PSIO 431 EXAM I QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
what do TLRs do? - Answer-they recognize foreign molecular structures that we don't
have
what starts inflammation? - Answer-when a TLR binds a PAMP, it starts a signaling
cascade that leads to the expression of factors that cause inflammation
when does a cell release DAMPs? - Answer-when the cell is damaged and/or stressed
what happens when TLRs bind DAMPs? - Answer-it increases local inflammation
what are stimuli for acute inflammation (making cytokines)? (6) - Answer-1) infections
2) trauma
3) physical/chemical agents
4) tissue necrosis
5) foreign bodies
6) immune responses
what are symptoms of acute inflammation? (5) - Answer-1) redness (rubor)
2) heat (calor)
3) swelling (tumor)
4) pain (dolor)
5) loss of function
mast cell degradation leads to what? (4) - Answer-1) vasodilation
2) swelling
3) clotting
4) stimulation of pain receptors
mast cell degradation releases what substances? (2) - Answer-1) histamine
2) cytokines
which is faster: the innate immune system or the adaptive immune system? - Answer-
innate immune system (adaptive immune system is slower to get started)
what is the function of histamine in helping with acute inflammation? - Answer-it causes
vasodilation and leakiness
mast-cells can also synthesize what substance to help with acute inflammation? -
Answer-PAF
,which has the greatest potential: the innate immune system or the adaptive immune
system? - Answer-adaptive immune system
the complement cascade plays a role in what? - Answer-acute inflamamtion
what are the 3 pathways of the complement cascade? - Answer-1) lectin pathway
2) classical pathway
3) alternative pathway
all 3 pathways (classical, alternative, lectin) come together at what component? -
Answer-C3
which would you expect to be more serious: C1 or C3 deficiency? - Answer-C3 because
C3 plays a role in 2/3 of the cascades whereas C1 only plays a role in the classical
pathway
the complement cascade results in what structure? - Answer-MAC (membrane-attack
complex)
what does MAC do? - Answer-it pops holes in bacterial cell walls
which pathway in the complement cascade is associated with the innate immune
system only? - Answer-lectin pathway
what does the lectin pathway require? - Answer-MBL
what does MBL bind? - Answer-anything but us
MBL is activated by what? - Answer-MASP-1 and MASP-2
what is the coagulation cascade? - Answer-it plays a role in acute inflammation by
activating platelets (leading to clotting)
what activates the coagulation cascade? - Answer-pathogens
the coagulation cascade leads to the formation of what? - Answer-thrombin
what does thrombin do? - Answer-thrombin cleaves fibrinogen into fibrin, which is the
meshwork that leads to the formation of a clot
what activates the plasma kinin cascade? - Answer-PRR activation
plasma kinin cascade leads to the formation of what molecule? - Answer-bradykinin
what does bradykinin lead to? (3) - Answer-1) vasodilation
2) vascular permeability
, 3) pain
how do the complement, coagulation, and kinin cascades work together in acute
inflammation? - Answer-1) complement: MBL binds to bacterial cell wall, resulting in
MAC poking holes in bacteria
2) coagulation: fibrin isolates the infection (keeps it localized)
3) kinin: killing the bacteria by increasing fluid flow (containing RBC, WBC) to the site of
infection
what is diapedesis? - Answer-cells moving out of blood vessels
what do chemokines/cytokines do? - Answer-they call cells towards whatever released
it
what is marginilization? - Answer-marginilization is when a leukocyte catches onto
adhesion molecules on the endothelial lining of blood vessels and stops circulating
what do mast cells do at the site where leukocytes stop (marginilization)? - Answer-they
release histamine, which opens endothelial cells enough for macrophages to leave the
blood vessel (called diapedesis)
what is a macrophage? - Answer-it is a "big eater" that engulfs bacteria and fuses the
bacteria with its lysosome
what is opsonization? - Answer-the macrophage will candy-coat the bacteria so that the
macrophage will want to eat it more
what are the special phagocytic cells that link the adaptive immune response to the
innate immune response? - Answer-dendritic cells (DC)
where are DCs located? - Answer-they are located at the interfaces between the body
and the world (e.g. skin, lungs, mucous membranes)
how do immature DC get activated? - Answer-they are activated at wound sites by
cytokines and chemokines
what happens once the activated DC is activated? - Answer-it leaves the local area
(periphery) and travels in the lymphatics to the nearest draining lymph node where they
show what they've eaten to lymphocytes
what are the 2 lymphocytes? - Answer-1) B-cells
2) T-cells
what is the goal of lymphocytes? - Answer-to recognize and remove foreign substances
what are 2 characteristics of DC? - Answer-1) phagocytic
ANSWERS
what do TLRs do? - Answer-they recognize foreign molecular structures that we don't
have
what starts inflammation? - Answer-when a TLR binds a PAMP, it starts a signaling
cascade that leads to the expression of factors that cause inflammation
when does a cell release DAMPs? - Answer-when the cell is damaged and/or stressed
what happens when TLRs bind DAMPs? - Answer-it increases local inflammation
what are stimuli for acute inflammation (making cytokines)? (6) - Answer-1) infections
2) trauma
3) physical/chemical agents
4) tissue necrosis
5) foreign bodies
6) immune responses
what are symptoms of acute inflammation? (5) - Answer-1) redness (rubor)
2) heat (calor)
3) swelling (tumor)
4) pain (dolor)
5) loss of function
mast cell degradation leads to what? (4) - Answer-1) vasodilation
2) swelling
3) clotting
4) stimulation of pain receptors
mast cell degradation releases what substances? (2) - Answer-1) histamine
2) cytokines
which is faster: the innate immune system or the adaptive immune system? - Answer-
innate immune system (adaptive immune system is slower to get started)
what is the function of histamine in helping with acute inflammation? - Answer-it causes
vasodilation and leakiness
mast-cells can also synthesize what substance to help with acute inflammation? -
Answer-PAF
,which has the greatest potential: the innate immune system or the adaptive immune
system? - Answer-adaptive immune system
the complement cascade plays a role in what? - Answer-acute inflamamtion
what are the 3 pathways of the complement cascade? - Answer-1) lectin pathway
2) classical pathway
3) alternative pathway
all 3 pathways (classical, alternative, lectin) come together at what component? -
Answer-C3
which would you expect to be more serious: C1 or C3 deficiency? - Answer-C3 because
C3 plays a role in 2/3 of the cascades whereas C1 only plays a role in the classical
pathway
the complement cascade results in what structure? - Answer-MAC (membrane-attack
complex)
what does MAC do? - Answer-it pops holes in bacterial cell walls
which pathway in the complement cascade is associated with the innate immune
system only? - Answer-lectin pathway
what does the lectin pathway require? - Answer-MBL
what does MBL bind? - Answer-anything but us
MBL is activated by what? - Answer-MASP-1 and MASP-2
what is the coagulation cascade? - Answer-it plays a role in acute inflammation by
activating platelets (leading to clotting)
what activates the coagulation cascade? - Answer-pathogens
the coagulation cascade leads to the formation of what? - Answer-thrombin
what does thrombin do? - Answer-thrombin cleaves fibrinogen into fibrin, which is the
meshwork that leads to the formation of a clot
what activates the plasma kinin cascade? - Answer-PRR activation
plasma kinin cascade leads to the formation of what molecule? - Answer-bradykinin
what does bradykinin lead to? (3) - Answer-1) vasodilation
2) vascular permeability
, 3) pain
how do the complement, coagulation, and kinin cascades work together in acute
inflammation? - Answer-1) complement: MBL binds to bacterial cell wall, resulting in
MAC poking holes in bacteria
2) coagulation: fibrin isolates the infection (keeps it localized)
3) kinin: killing the bacteria by increasing fluid flow (containing RBC, WBC) to the site of
infection
what is diapedesis? - Answer-cells moving out of blood vessels
what do chemokines/cytokines do? - Answer-they call cells towards whatever released
it
what is marginilization? - Answer-marginilization is when a leukocyte catches onto
adhesion molecules on the endothelial lining of blood vessels and stops circulating
what do mast cells do at the site where leukocytes stop (marginilization)? - Answer-they
release histamine, which opens endothelial cells enough for macrophages to leave the
blood vessel (called diapedesis)
what is a macrophage? - Answer-it is a "big eater" that engulfs bacteria and fuses the
bacteria with its lysosome
what is opsonization? - Answer-the macrophage will candy-coat the bacteria so that the
macrophage will want to eat it more
what are the special phagocytic cells that link the adaptive immune response to the
innate immune response? - Answer-dendritic cells (DC)
where are DCs located? - Answer-they are located at the interfaces between the body
and the world (e.g. skin, lungs, mucous membranes)
how do immature DC get activated? - Answer-they are activated at wound sites by
cytokines and chemokines
what happens once the activated DC is activated? - Answer-it leaves the local area
(periphery) and travels in the lymphatics to the nearest draining lymph node where they
show what they've eaten to lymphocytes
what are the 2 lymphocytes? - Answer-1) B-cells
2) T-cells
what is the goal of lymphocytes? - Answer-to recognize and remove foreign substances
what are 2 characteristics of DC? - Answer-1) phagocytic
