BIO 181
GCU BIO-181 EXAM 2 COMPREHENSIVE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025-2026
Catabolism - Correct Ans-Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing
energy.
Anabolism - Correct Ans-Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring
energy.
1st law of thermodynamics - Correct Ans-The principle of conservation of energy.
Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
2nd law of thermodynamics - Correct Ans-Every energy transfer or transformation
increases the entropy of the universe.
Entropy - Correct Ans-A measure of disorder or randomness.
Free energy coupling and ATP - Correct Ans-Free energy converts ATP to ADP.
Potential energy - Correct Ans-stored energy
Kinetic energy - Correct Ans-energy of motion
Endorgonic - Correct Ans-a reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings EX:
Photosynthesis
Exorgonic - Correct Ans-a reaction that releases free energy to its surroundings EX:
Repiration
Aerobic respiration - Correct Ans-Respiration that requires oxygen
Fermentation (anaerobic respiration) - Correct Ans-Process by which cells release
energy in the absence of oxygen
Role of NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration - Correct Ans-removal of hydrogen
atoms by redox coenzymes FAD becomes FADH2 and NAD+ becomes NADH
Activation energy - Correct Ans-Energy needed to get a reaction started
Enzymes - Correct Ans-Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things
Active site - Correct Ans-A region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other
substance during a reaction.
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, BIO 181
Induced fit hypothesis - Correct Ans-Partial binding of a substrate to an enzyme alters
the structure of the enzyme.
Competitive inhibition - Correct Ans-substance that resembles the normal substrate
competes with the substrate for the active site
Non-competitive inhibitor - Correct Ans-A substance that reduces the activity of an
enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation
so that it no longer binds to the substrate.
Feedback inhibition - Correct Ans-End product of a metabolic pathway acts as an
inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.
Cooperativity - Correct Ans-Shape of enzyme is altered by the substrate .
substrate specificity - Correct Ans-Ability of an enzyme to discriminate between very
similar molecules
The effects of a catalyst - Correct Ans-
What is oxidized in C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (also the reducing
agent) - Correct Ans-C6H12O6
What is reduced in C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (also the oxidizing
agent) - Correct Ans-6 O2
Glycolysis investment phase - Correct Ans--2 phosphate groups added
-glucose split to two 3-carbon molecules
Glycolysis payoff phase - Correct Ans-Oxidative conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-
phosphate to pyruvate and the coupled formation of ATP and NADH
Yield of glycolysis - Correct Ans-2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
Role of NAD+ - Correct Ans-Acts as an electron carrier
Role of O2 in cellular respiration - Correct Ans-The electrons from NADH and FADH are
eventually accepted by this molecule
Oxidative phosphorylation - Correct Ans-The production of ATP using energy derived
from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular
respiration.
Substrate-level phosphorylation - Correct Ans-The enzyme-catalyzed formation of ATP
by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in
catabolism.
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GCU BIO-181 EXAM 2 COMPREHENSIVE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025-2026
Catabolism - Correct Ans-Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing
energy.
Anabolism - Correct Ans-Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring
energy.
1st law of thermodynamics - Correct Ans-The principle of conservation of energy.
Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
2nd law of thermodynamics - Correct Ans-Every energy transfer or transformation
increases the entropy of the universe.
Entropy - Correct Ans-A measure of disorder or randomness.
Free energy coupling and ATP - Correct Ans-Free energy converts ATP to ADP.
Potential energy - Correct Ans-stored energy
Kinetic energy - Correct Ans-energy of motion
Endorgonic - Correct Ans-a reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings EX:
Photosynthesis
Exorgonic - Correct Ans-a reaction that releases free energy to its surroundings EX:
Repiration
Aerobic respiration - Correct Ans-Respiration that requires oxygen
Fermentation (anaerobic respiration) - Correct Ans-Process by which cells release
energy in the absence of oxygen
Role of NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration - Correct Ans-removal of hydrogen
atoms by redox coenzymes FAD becomes FADH2 and NAD+ becomes NADH
Activation energy - Correct Ans-Energy needed to get a reaction started
Enzymes - Correct Ans-Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things
Active site - Correct Ans-A region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other
substance during a reaction.
1|Page
, BIO 181
Induced fit hypothesis - Correct Ans-Partial binding of a substrate to an enzyme alters
the structure of the enzyme.
Competitive inhibition - Correct Ans-substance that resembles the normal substrate
competes with the substrate for the active site
Non-competitive inhibitor - Correct Ans-A substance that reduces the activity of an
enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation
so that it no longer binds to the substrate.
Feedback inhibition - Correct Ans-End product of a metabolic pathway acts as an
inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.
Cooperativity - Correct Ans-Shape of enzyme is altered by the substrate .
substrate specificity - Correct Ans-Ability of an enzyme to discriminate between very
similar molecules
The effects of a catalyst - Correct Ans-
What is oxidized in C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (also the reducing
agent) - Correct Ans-C6H12O6
What is reduced in C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (also the oxidizing
agent) - Correct Ans-6 O2
Glycolysis investment phase - Correct Ans--2 phosphate groups added
-glucose split to two 3-carbon molecules
Glycolysis payoff phase - Correct Ans-Oxidative conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-
phosphate to pyruvate and the coupled formation of ATP and NADH
Yield of glycolysis - Correct Ans-2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
Role of NAD+ - Correct Ans-Acts as an electron carrier
Role of O2 in cellular respiration - Correct Ans-The electrons from NADH and FADH are
eventually accepted by this molecule
Oxidative phosphorylation - Correct Ans-The production of ATP using energy derived
from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular
respiration.
Substrate-level phosphorylation - Correct Ans-The enzyme-catalyzed formation of ATP
by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in
catabolism.
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