APSC 4464 EXAMINATION QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS
Core Vaccines - vital to all pets based on risk of exposure, severity of disease or
transmissibility to humans
non-core vaccines - depending on the pet's exposure risk
Inactivated vaccines - - killed, highly stable preparations of whole-cell virus or bacteria
incapable of replicating following administration
- 2 initial doses
- often considered the safest vaccine type: the immunizing agent is dead
- parenteral administration (not directly onto mucosal surfaces)
- have a duration of immunity that is shorter than attenuated vaccines
adjuvants - variety of substances that maintain or depot the antigen as well as stimulate
an inflammatory response to the vaccine antigens
vaccinations: MDA - - high levels of maternal ABs will block the effectiveness of a vaccine
- the window of susceptibility: period of time in which the maternal ABs are too low to provide
protection against the disease, but too high to allow a vaccine to work
- puppy or kitten can still contract the disease during that time
window of susceptibility - vaccinate every 2-4 weeks starting at 8 weeks all the way
through 16 weeks
attenuated vaccines - - live virus or bacteria
- to induce an immune-response that mimics natural infection but without the disease-
producing ability
- All vaccines licensed for intranasal administration
- most canine distemper virus vaccines: CPV and CAV-2
- be administered within an hour of reconstitution
- one dose of attenuated vaccine will prime, immunize and boost the immune response
,- duration of immunity is known to last for many years
Non-responders - - animals incapable of developing immune response
- modified live parvo 1:1000
- distemper 1:5000
Recombinant CDV vaccine - by inserting the specific fragment of DNA protein from CDV
into a canarypox vector virus to provide stronger and faster immunity
Toxoid vaccines - - "detoxified" toxin
- induce a humoral immune response
- tend not to have a duration of immunity strong enough so multiple initial doses may be
required to protect
Therapeutic Biologics (vaccines) - intended to support the treatment, not prevention, of
specific non-infectious medical conditions, like cancer
vaccine adverse events - - rapid-onset side effects lasting from a few hours to a few days
- side effects: reduced or loss of appetite, pain at the injection site, lethargy, reluctance to
walk/or run, mild fever
- any undesirable side effect or unintended effect associated with the administration of a
licensed biologic product
- allergic and immune-mediated reactions
- failure to immunize
- multi-systemic infectious/inflammatory disorder of young weimaraner dogs: from
hypertrophic osteodystrophy after vaccination
Canine Parvovirus (CPV): core vaccine - - .highly contagious virus that is deadly for young
dogs
- affects GI tracts (dog-dog contact)
- signs: vomiting and diarrhea
-commercial kits for detection of AG in feces are available
- remain infectious for at least a year in contaminated cages, kennels, rugs, etc
Canine Distemper (CDV): core vaccine - - highly contagious, measles
,- sensitive to lipid solvents
- signs: diphasic fever, leukopenia, GI and respiratory catarrh
- large number of species susceptible to infection
Canine Infectious Hepatitis (CAV-1): core vaccine - - contagious disease, adenovirus
- signs: jaundice, slight fever
- ingestion of urine, feces, or saliva of infected dogs
- chronic kidney lesions and corneal clouding (blue eye)
- no longer available in the US
Canine Adenovirus 2 (CAV-2): core vaccine - - canine adenovirus type 2 protects against
both infectious canine hepatitis (CAV-1) and respiratory illness caused by CAV-2
- given due to the potential of side effects from CAV-1 vaccine
Canine Rabies Virus: core vaccine - - a severe, often fatal, polioencephalitis affecting the
gray matter of the dog's brain (CNS)
- saliva infectious at the time clinical signs occur; dogs, cats, ferrets may shed virus for several
days before onset of clinical signs
- rabies vaccine antigen is highly immunogenic
- vaccination performed every 3 years after initial dose and booster
Furious rabies "mad dog syndrome" - extreme behavioral changes, overt aggression,
attack behavior; lose caution of fear of people and other animals
- death from progressive paralysis
paralytic rabies (dumb rabies) - weakness, loss of coordination, followed by paralysis,
profuse salivation, dropping of the lower jaw
- diagnostic test requires that the animal be euthanized
Infectious Tracheobronchitis (Kennel Cough): non-core vaccines - - inflammation of the
upper airways
- stress, extremes of ventilation
- harsh dry cough, loss of appetite, fever
, Canine Parainfluenza Virus (CPiV): non-core vaccine - - "kennel cough" or infectious
tracheobronchitis
- unrelated virus to canine influenza virus: different vaccines for protection
- coughing, low-grade fever, nasal discharge, lack of energy
Canine Influenza Virus (CIV): non-core - - Type A influenza virus
- cough, runny nose, fever
Bordetella bronchiseptica - bacterium: inflammation of the trachea or bronchi
- transmission can occur between dogs and cats
Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease): non-core vaccine - -shifting-leg lameness: stiff walk
with an arched back
- renal failure: generally fatal
-Bernese mountain dogs, labrador retrievers
- a bacterial, trick-transmitted disease
- zoonotic risk: animals and people are infected during the blood meal of hard-shelled ticks
Leptospirosis - - zoonotic disease
-cats relatively resistant to disease
- in any stagnant surface water and recreational water sources
- the bacteria are passed via the urine into water sources
- can be fatal
- nonspecific early signs
Canine Enteric Coronavirus (CCV): non-core vaccine - highly contagious intestinal
infection
Canine Rattlesnake Vaccine: non-core vaccine - - type of snake is often unknown
- AB titers may be overwhelmed in the face of severe envenomation
- an individual dog may lack sufficient protection depending on its response to the vaccine and
the time elapsed since vaccination
ANSWERS
Core Vaccines - vital to all pets based on risk of exposure, severity of disease or
transmissibility to humans
non-core vaccines - depending on the pet's exposure risk
Inactivated vaccines - - killed, highly stable preparations of whole-cell virus or bacteria
incapable of replicating following administration
- 2 initial doses
- often considered the safest vaccine type: the immunizing agent is dead
- parenteral administration (not directly onto mucosal surfaces)
- have a duration of immunity that is shorter than attenuated vaccines
adjuvants - variety of substances that maintain or depot the antigen as well as stimulate
an inflammatory response to the vaccine antigens
vaccinations: MDA - - high levels of maternal ABs will block the effectiveness of a vaccine
- the window of susceptibility: period of time in which the maternal ABs are too low to provide
protection against the disease, but too high to allow a vaccine to work
- puppy or kitten can still contract the disease during that time
window of susceptibility - vaccinate every 2-4 weeks starting at 8 weeks all the way
through 16 weeks
attenuated vaccines - - live virus or bacteria
- to induce an immune-response that mimics natural infection but without the disease-
producing ability
- All vaccines licensed for intranasal administration
- most canine distemper virus vaccines: CPV and CAV-2
- be administered within an hour of reconstitution
- one dose of attenuated vaccine will prime, immunize and boost the immune response
,- duration of immunity is known to last for many years
Non-responders - - animals incapable of developing immune response
- modified live parvo 1:1000
- distemper 1:5000
Recombinant CDV vaccine - by inserting the specific fragment of DNA protein from CDV
into a canarypox vector virus to provide stronger and faster immunity
Toxoid vaccines - - "detoxified" toxin
- induce a humoral immune response
- tend not to have a duration of immunity strong enough so multiple initial doses may be
required to protect
Therapeutic Biologics (vaccines) - intended to support the treatment, not prevention, of
specific non-infectious medical conditions, like cancer
vaccine adverse events - - rapid-onset side effects lasting from a few hours to a few days
- side effects: reduced or loss of appetite, pain at the injection site, lethargy, reluctance to
walk/or run, mild fever
- any undesirable side effect or unintended effect associated with the administration of a
licensed biologic product
- allergic and immune-mediated reactions
- failure to immunize
- multi-systemic infectious/inflammatory disorder of young weimaraner dogs: from
hypertrophic osteodystrophy after vaccination
Canine Parvovirus (CPV): core vaccine - - .highly contagious virus that is deadly for young
dogs
- affects GI tracts (dog-dog contact)
- signs: vomiting and diarrhea
-commercial kits for detection of AG in feces are available
- remain infectious for at least a year in contaminated cages, kennels, rugs, etc
Canine Distemper (CDV): core vaccine - - highly contagious, measles
,- sensitive to lipid solvents
- signs: diphasic fever, leukopenia, GI and respiratory catarrh
- large number of species susceptible to infection
Canine Infectious Hepatitis (CAV-1): core vaccine - - contagious disease, adenovirus
- signs: jaundice, slight fever
- ingestion of urine, feces, or saliva of infected dogs
- chronic kidney lesions and corneal clouding (blue eye)
- no longer available in the US
Canine Adenovirus 2 (CAV-2): core vaccine - - canine adenovirus type 2 protects against
both infectious canine hepatitis (CAV-1) and respiratory illness caused by CAV-2
- given due to the potential of side effects from CAV-1 vaccine
Canine Rabies Virus: core vaccine - - a severe, often fatal, polioencephalitis affecting the
gray matter of the dog's brain (CNS)
- saliva infectious at the time clinical signs occur; dogs, cats, ferrets may shed virus for several
days before onset of clinical signs
- rabies vaccine antigen is highly immunogenic
- vaccination performed every 3 years after initial dose and booster
Furious rabies "mad dog syndrome" - extreme behavioral changes, overt aggression,
attack behavior; lose caution of fear of people and other animals
- death from progressive paralysis
paralytic rabies (dumb rabies) - weakness, loss of coordination, followed by paralysis,
profuse salivation, dropping of the lower jaw
- diagnostic test requires that the animal be euthanized
Infectious Tracheobronchitis (Kennel Cough): non-core vaccines - - inflammation of the
upper airways
- stress, extremes of ventilation
- harsh dry cough, loss of appetite, fever
, Canine Parainfluenza Virus (CPiV): non-core vaccine - - "kennel cough" or infectious
tracheobronchitis
- unrelated virus to canine influenza virus: different vaccines for protection
- coughing, low-grade fever, nasal discharge, lack of energy
Canine Influenza Virus (CIV): non-core - - Type A influenza virus
- cough, runny nose, fever
Bordetella bronchiseptica - bacterium: inflammation of the trachea or bronchi
- transmission can occur between dogs and cats
Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease): non-core vaccine - -shifting-leg lameness: stiff walk
with an arched back
- renal failure: generally fatal
-Bernese mountain dogs, labrador retrievers
- a bacterial, trick-transmitted disease
- zoonotic risk: animals and people are infected during the blood meal of hard-shelled ticks
Leptospirosis - - zoonotic disease
-cats relatively resistant to disease
- in any stagnant surface water and recreational water sources
- the bacteria are passed via the urine into water sources
- can be fatal
- nonspecific early signs
Canine Enteric Coronavirus (CCV): non-core vaccine - highly contagious intestinal
infection
Canine Rattlesnake Vaccine: non-core vaccine - - type of snake is often unknown
- AB titers may be overwhelmed in the face of severe envenomation
- an individual dog may lack sufficient protection depending on its response to the vaccine and
the time elapsed since vaccination
