BIO285 Exam 1 Latest Update
Which of these ISN'T true of the nucleus
A. Its membrane is continuous with the ER membrane.
B. Introns are removed from mRNA in the nucleus
C. Phospholipids are produced in the nucleus.
D. The nucleus contains the genome of the cell.
E. Only eukaryotes have a nucleus - ANSWER C
Which is true?
I. Eukaryotes don't have cell walls
II. Cell walls are generally fairly rigid
III. Membranes are composed of a mixture of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates
IV. Cell walls are largely composed of linked carbohydrates
V. All cells have membranes - ANSWER II-V
Bacteria and Archaea - ANSWER Prokaryotes, single-celled, lack a nucleus, more
diverse genetically and metabolically, live in more environments, single compartment,
cell wall, membrane, some bacteria are photosynthetic, some archaea can live off
methane or other small organic molecules, some live in colonies or biofilms (large
aggregations that stick together)
Eukaroyotes - ANSWER single-celled or multi-celled, internal membrane bound
organelles, some have walls (fungi, plant), have a nucleus, more restricted
environments, some are photosynthetic
Plasma membrane - ANSWER Separate the inside of the cell from the outside of the cell.
Made from proteins, carbohydrates and phospholipids. Controls access to the cell
Chloroplast - ANSWER Produces sugars from light energy and CO2 and produces O2
Mitochondrion - ANSWER Converts pyruvate into ATP, CO2, and makes small carbon
molecules for the rest of the cell.
Golgi apparatus - ANSWER Process proteins for targeting around the cell. Including the
addition of sugar chains to make glycoproteins.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANSWER Provides an environment for folding proteins
,to target to the outside of the cell. Also involved in lipid production.
Nucleus - ANSWER Store DNA, transcribe and process RNA
Ribosomes - ANSWER Produce proteins from a mRNA template using amino acids ,
made from rRNA and protein
filamentous cytoskeleton - ANSWER Made of large polymers of proteins and helps in cell
movement, cell reproduction and cell structure.
Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes
- Cell membrane infoldings created the ER and the nucleus
- An aerobic bacterium was engulfed forming the mitochondria
- A photosynthetic cyanobacterium was engulfed forming the chloroplast. - ANSWER
Evidence
- They have their own circular genomes (incomplete) and the genes are more closely
related to prokaryotes.
- The membrane constituents are like bacterial membranes.
- They divide just like bacteria (fission not mitosis)
What might be the evolutionary advantage of having a chloroplast?
A. Plants are able to fully metabolize glucose unlike glycolysis alone.
B. Plants can transport proteins to the cell surface.
C. Plants can create sugar from carbon dioxide.
D. The chloroplast converts light into ATP.
E. They are not an advantage, plants are on the way out. - ANSWER C
Vibrio cholerae a bacterium should have
I. Plasma membrane
II. Nucleus
III. DNA
IV. Ribosome
V. ER
VI. Mitochondrion - ANSWER I, III, IV
SARS-CoV-2, the covid-19 virus should have.
,A. Nucleus
B. DNA
C. Ribosome
D. Mitochondrion
E. RNA - ANSWER E
What are the four basic biomolecules/macromolecules? - ANSWER 1. Proteins
2. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
3. Polysaccharides (carbohydrates)
4. Fats and phospholipids (lipids)
Proteins - ANSWER Made from amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Cell signaling,
motility, enzymatic reactions, part of membranes, and defense. Structure: amino
N-terminus, R functional group, carboxyl C-terminus.
Nucleic acids - ANSWER Made from nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds.
Information storage and short-term energy transfer. Structure: ribose sugar, phosphate
group, nitrogenous base.
Polysaccharides (carbohydrates) - ANSWER Made from monosaccharides linked by
glycosidic bonds. Medium term energy storage, and part of the cell wall in plants,
bacteria and fungi. Structure: Cx(H20)x
Lipids (fats and phospholipids) - ANSWER Made from fatty acids. Major component of
membranes, monomers can be involved in long term energy storage. Structure: largely
non-polar sometimes with polar sections.
Condensation reactions - ANSWER Create covalent bonds. Water is expelled.
Hydrolysis reactions - ANSWER Break covalent bonds. Water is consumed.
When a peptide bond is formed what other common molecule is formed as a byproduct?
A. O2
B. H2O
C. CO2
D. An amino acid
E. ATP - ANSWER B
What kind of bond is made between the mRNA being synthesized and the DNA?
, A. Ionic
B. Phosphodiester
C. Hydrogen
D. Glycosidic
E. Peptide - ANSWER C
What type of bond holds together the peptide chain in a protein's alpha helix?
A. Peptide
B. Covalent
C. Condensation
D. Hydrogen
E. Phosphodiester - ANSWER A
You identify a unicellular organism that uses methane as its sole source of carbon.
Which of the following should also be true of this cell?
I. It is probably a eukaryote
II. It should contain a nucleus
III. It is unlikely to have internal membrane bound organelles
IV. It is likely to be an archaea
V. It is likely photosynthetic - ANSWER III and IV
E. coli - ANSWER Bacteria
Fission yeast, which is a fungus with a cell wall made from chitin and a nucleus -
ANSWER Eukaryote
A unicellular Halobacterium that lives in a very high salt environment and has ribosomes
very similar to eukaryotes - ANSWER Archaea
Mitochondria take in (1) ____________ and produce (2) ____________ whereas chloroplasts
take in (3) ____________ and produce (4) ____________ - ANSWER (1) oxygen and pyruvate
(2) carbon dioxide and ATP
Which of these ISN'T true of the nucleus
A. Its membrane is continuous with the ER membrane.
B. Introns are removed from mRNA in the nucleus
C. Phospholipids are produced in the nucleus.
D. The nucleus contains the genome of the cell.
E. Only eukaryotes have a nucleus - ANSWER C
Which is true?
I. Eukaryotes don't have cell walls
II. Cell walls are generally fairly rigid
III. Membranes are composed of a mixture of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates
IV. Cell walls are largely composed of linked carbohydrates
V. All cells have membranes - ANSWER II-V
Bacteria and Archaea - ANSWER Prokaryotes, single-celled, lack a nucleus, more
diverse genetically and metabolically, live in more environments, single compartment,
cell wall, membrane, some bacteria are photosynthetic, some archaea can live off
methane or other small organic molecules, some live in colonies or biofilms (large
aggregations that stick together)
Eukaroyotes - ANSWER single-celled or multi-celled, internal membrane bound
organelles, some have walls (fungi, plant), have a nucleus, more restricted
environments, some are photosynthetic
Plasma membrane - ANSWER Separate the inside of the cell from the outside of the cell.
Made from proteins, carbohydrates and phospholipids. Controls access to the cell
Chloroplast - ANSWER Produces sugars from light energy and CO2 and produces O2
Mitochondrion - ANSWER Converts pyruvate into ATP, CO2, and makes small carbon
molecules for the rest of the cell.
Golgi apparatus - ANSWER Process proteins for targeting around the cell. Including the
addition of sugar chains to make glycoproteins.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANSWER Provides an environment for folding proteins
,to target to the outside of the cell. Also involved in lipid production.
Nucleus - ANSWER Store DNA, transcribe and process RNA
Ribosomes - ANSWER Produce proteins from a mRNA template using amino acids ,
made from rRNA and protein
filamentous cytoskeleton - ANSWER Made of large polymers of proteins and helps in cell
movement, cell reproduction and cell structure.
Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes
- Cell membrane infoldings created the ER and the nucleus
- An aerobic bacterium was engulfed forming the mitochondria
- A photosynthetic cyanobacterium was engulfed forming the chloroplast. - ANSWER
Evidence
- They have their own circular genomes (incomplete) and the genes are more closely
related to prokaryotes.
- The membrane constituents are like bacterial membranes.
- They divide just like bacteria (fission not mitosis)
What might be the evolutionary advantage of having a chloroplast?
A. Plants are able to fully metabolize glucose unlike glycolysis alone.
B. Plants can transport proteins to the cell surface.
C. Plants can create sugar from carbon dioxide.
D. The chloroplast converts light into ATP.
E. They are not an advantage, plants are on the way out. - ANSWER C
Vibrio cholerae a bacterium should have
I. Plasma membrane
II. Nucleus
III. DNA
IV. Ribosome
V. ER
VI. Mitochondrion - ANSWER I, III, IV
SARS-CoV-2, the covid-19 virus should have.
,A. Nucleus
B. DNA
C. Ribosome
D. Mitochondrion
E. RNA - ANSWER E
What are the four basic biomolecules/macromolecules? - ANSWER 1. Proteins
2. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
3. Polysaccharides (carbohydrates)
4. Fats and phospholipids (lipids)
Proteins - ANSWER Made from amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Cell signaling,
motility, enzymatic reactions, part of membranes, and defense. Structure: amino
N-terminus, R functional group, carboxyl C-terminus.
Nucleic acids - ANSWER Made from nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds.
Information storage and short-term energy transfer. Structure: ribose sugar, phosphate
group, nitrogenous base.
Polysaccharides (carbohydrates) - ANSWER Made from monosaccharides linked by
glycosidic bonds. Medium term energy storage, and part of the cell wall in plants,
bacteria and fungi. Structure: Cx(H20)x
Lipids (fats and phospholipids) - ANSWER Made from fatty acids. Major component of
membranes, monomers can be involved in long term energy storage. Structure: largely
non-polar sometimes with polar sections.
Condensation reactions - ANSWER Create covalent bonds. Water is expelled.
Hydrolysis reactions - ANSWER Break covalent bonds. Water is consumed.
When a peptide bond is formed what other common molecule is formed as a byproduct?
A. O2
B. H2O
C. CO2
D. An amino acid
E. ATP - ANSWER B
What kind of bond is made between the mRNA being synthesized and the DNA?
, A. Ionic
B. Phosphodiester
C. Hydrogen
D. Glycosidic
E. Peptide - ANSWER C
What type of bond holds together the peptide chain in a protein's alpha helix?
A. Peptide
B. Covalent
C. Condensation
D. Hydrogen
E. Phosphodiester - ANSWER A
You identify a unicellular organism that uses methane as its sole source of carbon.
Which of the following should also be true of this cell?
I. It is probably a eukaryote
II. It should contain a nucleus
III. It is unlikely to have internal membrane bound organelles
IV. It is likely to be an archaea
V. It is likely photosynthetic - ANSWER III and IV
E. coli - ANSWER Bacteria
Fission yeast, which is a fungus with a cell wall made from chitin and a nucleus -
ANSWER Eukaryote
A unicellular Halobacterium that lives in a very high salt environment and has ribosomes
very similar to eukaryotes - ANSWER Archaea
Mitochondria take in (1) ____________ and produce (2) ____________ whereas chloroplasts
take in (3) ____________ and produce (4) ____________ - ANSWER (1) oxygen and pyruvate
(2) carbon dioxide and ATP
