NSG 251 Exam 2025 Need to Study Questions and
Verified Answers
Antibiotics - ✔✔medications used to treat bacterial infections
Gram + - ✔✔- thicker outer cell wall and capsule
- gram stain purple
- releases exotoxins
Gram - - ✔✔- complex cell wall, capsule
- thick cell wall
- 2 membranes
- gram stain red
- releases endotoxins
- much harder to treat
Common Gram + Organisms - ✔✔- Bacillus (anthrax)
- Clostridium (tetanus, gangrene)
- Listeria (meningitis)
- Mycobacterium (TB)
- Staph
- Strep
Common Gram - Organisms - ✔✔- Borellia (Lyme disease)
- Campylobacter (GI tract infections)
- Chlamydia (STDs, pneumonia)
- E. coli (UTI)
,- Hemophilus (influenze, meningitis)
- Pseudomonas
- Serratia
Local Signs of Bacterial Infection - ✔✔- inflammation
- purulent exudate
- tissue necrosis
- lymphadenopathy
- respiratory effects
Systemic Signs of Bacterial Infection - ✔✔- Fever
- Fatigue
- Headache
- Nausea
Normal WBC count - ✔✔5,000 to 10,000
Risk Factors for Infection - ✔✔- Nutritional Status
- Age
- Chronic Illness
- Environmental Factors
- Interruptions in physical and biochemical barriers
- Immunosuppression
- Stress
Microorganism Characteristics - ✔✔- Virulence
- Microbial Adherence
,- Invasion
- Bacterial Enzymes
- Toxins and Exotoxins
- Anti-Phagocytic Factors
- Endospores
Virulence - ✔✔Microbes ability to cause severe disease and harm to host
Microbial Adherence - ✔✔ability of a microbe to latch onto and gain entrance into its host
Invasion - ✔✔How microbes invade host
- usually through skin
Mobility - ✔✔appendages allow microbe to move toward nutrients
Bacterial Enzymes - ✔✔helps microorganism to spread or invade tissues
Exotoxins - ✔✔excreted by living cells
Endotoxins - ✔✔Released upon cell death and sometimes during cell growth
Anti-phagocytic Factors - ✔✔Prevents microbe from being pagocytized
Endospores - ✔✔Allows microbe to survive under harsh environmental conditions
Common Drug Resistant Bacterias - ✔✔- MRSA
, - VRE
- ESBL
- CRE
- MDR-TB
Preventing Microbial Resistance - ✔✔- Vaccinations
- removal of catheters
- diagnosing and treating infection effectively
- using antimicrobials wisely
- prevent transmission
Number one way to prevent the spread of infection - ✔✔Wash your hands
Disinfectant - ✔✔- kills organisms
- used only on nonliving objects
- cidal agent
Antiseptic - ✔✔- only inhibits growth of microorganisms, does not necessarily kill them
- applied exclusively to living tissue
- static agents
Two types of antibiotics - ✔✔- Broad Spectrum
- Narrow Spectrum
Broad Spectrum - ✔✔Treat both gram - and gram + infections and some anaerobic bacteria
Narrow Spectrum - ✔✔- Treat specific bacteria
Verified Answers
Antibiotics - ✔✔medications used to treat bacterial infections
Gram + - ✔✔- thicker outer cell wall and capsule
- gram stain purple
- releases exotoxins
Gram - - ✔✔- complex cell wall, capsule
- thick cell wall
- 2 membranes
- gram stain red
- releases endotoxins
- much harder to treat
Common Gram + Organisms - ✔✔- Bacillus (anthrax)
- Clostridium (tetanus, gangrene)
- Listeria (meningitis)
- Mycobacterium (TB)
- Staph
- Strep
Common Gram - Organisms - ✔✔- Borellia (Lyme disease)
- Campylobacter (GI tract infections)
- Chlamydia (STDs, pneumonia)
- E. coli (UTI)
,- Hemophilus (influenze, meningitis)
- Pseudomonas
- Serratia
Local Signs of Bacterial Infection - ✔✔- inflammation
- purulent exudate
- tissue necrosis
- lymphadenopathy
- respiratory effects
Systemic Signs of Bacterial Infection - ✔✔- Fever
- Fatigue
- Headache
- Nausea
Normal WBC count - ✔✔5,000 to 10,000
Risk Factors for Infection - ✔✔- Nutritional Status
- Age
- Chronic Illness
- Environmental Factors
- Interruptions in physical and biochemical barriers
- Immunosuppression
- Stress
Microorganism Characteristics - ✔✔- Virulence
- Microbial Adherence
,- Invasion
- Bacterial Enzymes
- Toxins and Exotoxins
- Anti-Phagocytic Factors
- Endospores
Virulence - ✔✔Microbes ability to cause severe disease and harm to host
Microbial Adherence - ✔✔ability of a microbe to latch onto and gain entrance into its host
Invasion - ✔✔How microbes invade host
- usually through skin
Mobility - ✔✔appendages allow microbe to move toward nutrients
Bacterial Enzymes - ✔✔helps microorganism to spread or invade tissues
Exotoxins - ✔✔excreted by living cells
Endotoxins - ✔✔Released upon cell death and sometimes during cell growth
Anti-phagocytic Factors - ✔✔Prevents microbe from being pagocytized
Endospores - ✔✔Allows microbe to survive under harsh environmental conditions
Common Drug Resistant Bacterias - ✔✔- MRSA
, - VRE
- ESBL
- CRE
- MDR-TB
Preventing Microbial Resistance - ✔✔- Vaccinations
- removal of catheters
- diagnosing and treating infection effectively
- using antimicrobials wisely
- prevent transmission
Number one way to prevent the spread of infection - ✔✔Wash your hands
Disinfectant - ✔✔- kills organisms
- used only on nonliving objects
- cidal agent
Antiseptic - ✔✔- only inhibits growth of microorganisms, does not necessarily kill them
- applied exclusively to living tissue
- static agents
Two types of antibiotics - ✔✔- Broad Spectrum
- Narrow Spectrum
Broad Spectrum - ✔✔Treat both gram - and gram + infections and some anaerobic bacteria
Narrow Spectrum - ✔✔- Treat specific bacteria
