Summary BIOL 130L Final Exam Study Guide

Biology Final Study Guide
 Metabolism
o CO2 carbons are oxidized, oxygen receives electrons and is REDUCED
LO 59- list phases of aerobic cellular respiration, their products, and the location that these
phases occur
 Glycolysis- sugars are split into 2 3-carbon compounds
o Occurs in cytoplasm
o 2 Pyruvates are the final product
o some NADH and ATP is released
 Pyruvate Oxidation
o Occurs in membrane of cytoplasm
o Acetyl CoA is produced
 Citric Acid Cycle
o Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
o Makes NADH/FADH
 Oxidative Phosphorylation
o Occurs in inner membrane of mitochondria
o All electrons are captured and put into NADH/FADH
o Oxygen needed to make ADP+Pi ATP
o Chemiosmosis- synthesis of ATP
 Occurs in inner membrane of mitochondria
 Energy from electrons allows molecules in the membrane to transport hydrogen
ions from the intermembranous space to the matrix
 Diffusion of the protons drives the synthesis of ATP
LO 60- list 2 phases of glycolysis and describe why they are named
 Energy Investment Phase
o 2 molecules of ATP are required in order for glycolysis to occur and for pyruvate to
be made
o immediate payoff results from the investment
 Energy Payoff Phase
o 4 ATP formed net gain: 2 ATP
o 2 NADH are formed each can produce as much as 3 additional ATP
o 2 pyruvate are produced, they are processed so more ATP can be made
LO 61- describe the function of kinase reactions in the energy investment/payoff phase
 Kinase reaction- phosphate is transferred from 1 molecule to another
 Energy investment phase-
o Kinases transfer phosphates from ATP to sugars so that a high energy molecule is
produced molecule splits into 2 3- carbon compounds
 2 molecules are in equilibrium- if one molecule is used, G3P makes another
 Energy Payoff phase-
o Kinase transfers phosphate group from 3 carbon compound to ADP with the
purpose of generating ATP

, LO 62- list 3 processes that occur and the products that are generated by pyruvate oxidation
 Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex-
o Decarboxylation- carboxyl group from pyruvate is removed
o Dehydrogenation- H removed, produces 1 NADH per pyruvate
o Formation of Acetyl CoA- acetyl group and co enzyme A are combined to make
Acetyl CoA
LO 63- list major goals/reactions in the citric acid cycle
 Goal- make FADH2 and NADH
 Runs 2 times
 Decarboxylation and dehydrogenation occur
 Oxaloacetate- 4 carbon compound
o Combines with 2 carbon group of acetyl CoA
o Acetyl group is added makes citric acid
 FADH2 is made only in this step
 Per glucose- 2 acetyl CoAs 3NADH and 1 FADH2 are made
o Done 2 times
 6 molecules of CO2 are made at the end of cellular respiration
LO 64- list 2 sub routines of oxidative phosphorylation and their products
 ETC- electrons are brought to O2
o A gradient of H+ is produced in the mitochondria
 High concentration of H+ in the intermembranous space
 Low concentration of H+ in the matrix
 Done by Active Transport
 Energy from the electrons is used to do this
 Chemiosmosis
o Pathway between matrix and intermembranous space is present
o Allows diffusion of protons back into the matrix to occur
o Energy released, is used to make ATP
 **** indirect use of electron’s energy-
o makes ETC
o allows using proton gradient to make ATP
LO 65- describe work preformed when energy is removed from electrons
 occurs in mitochondrias inner membrane
o electrons are passed from 1 complex to another until they reach O2
 done slowly so combustion does not occur
 energy is lost during this process- used for the active transport of protons
 water produced as a byproduct
(?)LO 66- illustrate the conversion of energy of H+ gradient as it is transformed and
transferred to ATP in chemiosmosis like a MILL
 ATP synthase used
 As protons are moved through protein, rotor is spun
o Pushes phosphate and ADP together, makes ATP
LO 67- Describe the purpose of fermentation