NSG 255 END-OF-TERM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS 2025 GRADED A+
✔✔Parenteral - ✔✔outside of intestines or alimentary canal; popularly used to refer to
injection routes. This is the fastest absorbing route of drug administration.
✔✔Bioavailability - ✔✔A measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and
route (from 0% to 100%). only route of absorption that can reach 100% is IV.
✔✔Pharmicokinetics - ✔✔(physiological movement of drugs) involves the process of
absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.
✔✔visit slide 28 and 29 - ✔✔
✔✔Absorption - ✔✔moving drug from site of administration to blood. this determines the
onset of action.
✔✔Oral (enteral) medications affected by ___________ - ✔✔-presence of food or other
drugs in the stomach (slows absorption)
-acidity of stomach
-motility of the gi tract
-blood flow to the gi tract
✔✔first pass effect - ✔✔The initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the
gastrointestinal tract (portal circulation) before the drug reaches systemic circulation
through the bloodstream.
✔✔medications are metabolized by what organ? - ✔✔liver
✔✔Drugs administered orally may need a higher dose than those administered
parenterally. - ✔✔this is because a higher percentage of the drug is absorbed
parenterally.
✔✔Cannot be given by oral administration if first pass effect is too ___________. -
✔✔large
✔✔four types of injectable (Parenteral) routes of drug administration. - ✔✔-
intravenously (IV)
-Intramuscularly (IM)
-Intradermal injected into the dermis
-Subcutaneous
✔✔Intravenously (IV) - ✔✔directly into a vein. Immediate onset and are fully absorbed
at administration.
, More likely to cause toxic effects and margin for error in dose is much smaller.
✔✔Intramuscularly (IM) - ✔✔Injection into large muscles. Absorbed directly into the
capillaries of the muscles to enter the circulation
Takes more time than intravenous and inhalation route
Men have more vascular muscles , than women so IM works faster in men.
✔✔Depot drugs - ✔✔designed for slow absorption over a period of several days to a
few months or longer
✔✔subcutaneous - ✔✔beneath the skin. Subcutaneous injections have a slower onset
of action than IM injections because the muscle is more vascular than the subcutaneous
tissue.
✔✔PR (rectal) route of administration - ✔✔Perfusion to the rectum
Lesions in the rectum
Length of time in the rectum
Mixed first pass/non-first pass effect
✔✔inhalation route of administration - ✔✔The administration of a drug by inhalation into
the lungs
Perfusion
Integrity of the lung lining
Proper administration
Rapid onset
✔✔skin route of administration - ✔✔Perfusion
Integrity of the skin
Uniform amount of drug absorbed over a longer period of time
Absorption not consistent
Slower onset of action than oral or parenteral
✔✔Opthalmic, otic and nasal administered for local effects but can be absorbed
systemically - ✔✔
✔✔transdermal - ✔✔through the skin. Administration through adhesive patches
Delivers a constant amount of the drug over a certain period of time.
✔✔sublingual (under tongue) and buccal (cheek) administration - ✔✔Can be classified
as enteral
Perfusion
Integrity of mucous membranes
Presence of food/smoking
Length of time retained
SOLUTIONS 2025 GRADED A+
✔✔Parenteral - ✔✔outside of intestines or alimentary canal; popularly used to refer to
injection routes. This is the fastest absorbing route of drug administration.
✔✔Bioavailability - ✔✔A measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and
route (from 0% to 100%). only route of absorption that can reach 100% is IV.
✔✔Pharmicokinetics - ✔✔(physiological movement of drugs) involves the process of
absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.
✔✔visit slide 28 and 29 - ✔✔
✔✔Absorption - ✔✔moving drug from site of administration to blood. this determines the
onset of action.
✔✔Oral (enteral) medications affected by ___________ - ✔✔-presence of food or other
drugs in the stomach (slows absorption)
-acidity of stomach
-motility of the gi tract
-blood flow to the gi tract
✔✔first pass effect - ✔✔The initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the
gastrointestinal tract (portal circulation) before the drug reaches systemic circulation
through the bloodstream.
✔✔medications are metabolized by what organ? - ✔✔liver
✔✔Drugs administered orally may need a higher dose than those administered
parenterally. - ✔✔this is because a higher percentage of the drug is absorbed
parenterally.
✔✔Cannot be given by oral administration if first pass effect is too ___________. -
✔✔large
✔✔four types of injectable (Parenteral) routes of drug administration. - ✔✔-
intravenously (IV)
-Intramuscularly (IM)
-Intradermal injected into the dermis
-Subcutaneous
✔✔Intravenously (IV) - ✔✔directly into a vein. Immediate onset and are fully absorbed
at administration.
, More likely to cause toxic effects and margin for error in dose is much smaller.
✔✔Intramuscularly (IM) - ✔✔Injection into large muscles. Absorbed directly into the
capillaries of the muscles to enter the circulation
Takes more time than intravenous and inhalation route
Men have more vascular muscles , than women so IM works faster in men.
✔✔Depot drugs - ✔✔designed for slow absorption over a period of several days to a
few months or longer
✔✔subcutaneous - ✔✔beneath the skin. Subcutaneous injections have a slower onset
of action than IM injections because the muscle is more vascular than the subcutaneous
tissue.
✔✔PR (rectal) route of administration - ✔✔Perfusion to the rectum
Lesions in the rectum
Length of time in the rectum
Mixed first pass/non-first pass effect
✔✔inhalation route of administration - ✔✔The administration of a drug by inhalation into
the lungs
Perfusion
Integrity of the lung lining
Proper administration
Rapid onset
✔✔skin route of administration - ✔✔Perfusion
Integrity of the skin
Uniform amount of drug absorbed over a longer period of time
Absorption not consistent
Slower onset of action than oral or parenteral
✔✔Opthalmic, otic and nasal administered for local effects but can be absorbed
systemically - ✔✔
✔✔transdermal - ✔✔through the skin. Administration through adhesive patches
Delivers a constant amount of the drug over a certain period of time.
✔✔sublingual (under tongue) and buccal (cheek) administration - ✔✔Can be classified
as enteral
Perfusion
Integrity of mucous membranes
Presence of food/smoking
Length of time retained
