HPEX 345: Exam 2
Non-communicable diseases correct answersare not infectious and cannot
be passed from one organism to another
-result from combination of genetic, physiological, environment, and
behavioral factors
-"chronic diseases"
-CVC, cancers, resp diseases, diabetes
deaths due to NCDs each year, representing 71% of death
globally correct answers41 million
**15 million of these deaths are considered "premature," meaning between
the ages of 30-69
Deaths from CVD correct answers17.9 million (THE
MOST) Deaths from Cancer correct answers9 million
Deaths from Respiratory diseases correct answers3.9
million Deaths from Diabetes correct answers1.6
million (THE LEAST)
Clinical/Research Intervention correct answersA study design that examines
the effects of an intervention on an outcome of interest, often with the
purpose of improving health or well-being in humans
Intervention correct answersmedication, treatment, change in
behavior "independent variable"
Outcome of interest correct answersoften body functions of physiological
functions, examples include glucose tolerance, body composition, blood
pressure, systolic function "dependent variable"
Categories of Interventions correct answersPharmacologic, Lifestyle,
Combined
Pharmacologic correct answersuse of a medication or drug to alter outcome
of interest
Lifestyle correct answersresearcher or participant-guided changes to
behaviors in order to alter outcome of interest
Combined correct answersmedication compared to behavioral change
in order to determine relative and/or combined efficacy in altering
outcome of interest
,Types of Interventions correct answersprimary, secondary, tertiary
primary intervention correct answersprevention of NCD in healthy or
pre-clinical population
secondary intervention correct answersTreatment of existing NCD
symptoms and/or delaying progression of NCD
tertiary intervention correct answersSimilar to secondary, but the pop has
comorbidities (2 NCD)* that must also be addressed along with NCD
outcome of interest
Consideration for Human Research Study Design correct answers-Inclusion of
a Control Group/Placebo
-Homogeneity of Participants
-Adherence
-Subjective vs. Objective Outcomes
-External Validity
Homogeneity of participants correct answersall the items in the sample
are chosen because they have similar or identical traits
Adherence vs. Compliance correct answers-Compliance is a passive
behavior in which a patient is following a list of instructions from the doctor.
-Adherence is a more positive, proactive behavior, which results in a lifestyle
change by the patient
Subjective vs. Objective correct answersSubjective
(Feelings) Objective (Facts)
external validity correct answersthe extent to which the results of a
study can be generalized to other situations and to other people
Observational Study Design correct answersDirect observation of
participants in natural environment, determination of who does and does not
receive an intervention is determined by individual preferences, behavioral
patterns, decisions
(Ex. observing if exposure to second hand smoking in everyday life impact
lung health) cross-sectional study correct answersOutcome of interest
measured at one point in time
longitudinal study correct answersOutcome of interest measured over a
period of time of variable duration
quantitative study correct answersnumerical outcome of interest (ex:
height, weight, blood pressure)
, qualitative study correct answersnon-numerical outcome of interest
(ex: opinion, experience, concept, feeling)
cross-over study correct answersparticipants receive interventional
treatment/placebo for Stage 1, undergo "washout period," then receive
whatever was not given during Stage 1 (treatment or placebo) for duration
of Stage 2
Lifestyle Interventions in Nutritional Research correct answers-Dietary
behavior change: dietary fat reduction, conversion to vegetarian or vegan
diets, restriction of total kilocalorie intake, and elimination or reduction of
specific food items
-Physical activity behavior change : increase, decrease non-purposeful
movement
-Exercise behavior change: focusing on the benefits of physical activity is
more effective for behavior change than presenting the risks of a sedentary
lifestyle
-Attitude/belief change: self-efficacy, education, motivation, problem-solving,
adherence Pharmacologic interventions in nutritional research correct
answers1. SAFETY
2. TOLERABILITY
3. EFFICACY
4. PRICE
5. SIMPLICITY
Preclinical research correct answers-aims to generate increased
understanding of disease and new strategies for treatment
-Preclinical work done in cells, in small animal models; NOT in humans
Clinical Trials correct answers-experiments that study the effectiveness
of medical treatments on actual patients
-the "next step" after preclinical research if a treatment is suspected to
improve the health and/or wellbeing of patients
Phase 0 clinical trial correct answershow does body respond to treatment,
small "dose" given to small number of people (10-15)
Phase 1 clinical trials correct answersWhat is the "best dose" to see
improvements in outcome of interest w/o significant side effects
(15-30 people)
Phase 2 clinical trials correct answersfurther assessment of safety in larger
participant group
Phase 3 clinical trials correct answerscomparison of new treatment to
standard of care, 100+ participants, FDA approval if successful
Non-communicable diseases correct answersare not infectious and cannot
be passed from one organism to another
-result from combination of genetic, physiological, environment, and
behavioral factors
-"chronic diseases"
-CVC, cancers, resp diseases, diabetes
deaths due to NCDs each year, representing 71% of death
globally correct answers41 million
**15 million of these deaths are considered "premature," meaning between
the ages of 30-69
Deaths from CVD correct answers17.9 million (THE
MOST) Deaths from Cancer correct answers9 million
Deaths from Respiratory diseases correct answers3.9
million Deaths from Diabetes correct answers1.6
million (THE LEAST)
Clinical/Research Intervention correct answersA study design that examines
the effects of an intervention on an outcome of interest, often with the
purpose of improving health or well-being in humans
Intervention correct answersmedication, treatment, change in
behavior "independent variable"
Outcome of interest correct answersoften body functions of physiological
functions, examples include glucose tolerance, body composition, blood
pressure, systolic function "dependent variable"
Categories of Interventions correct answersPharmacologic, Lifestyle,
Combined
Pharmacologic correct answersuse of a medication or drug to alter outcome
of interest
Lifestyle correct answersresearcher or participant-guided changes to
behaviors in order to alter outcome of interest
Combined correct answersmedication compared to behavioral change
in order to determine relative and/or combined efficacy in altering
outcome of interest
,Types of Interventions correct answersprimary, secondary, tertiary
primary intervention correct answersprevention of NCD in healthy or
pre-clinical population
secondary intervention correct answersTreatment of existing NCD
symptoms and/or delaying progression of NCD
tertiary intervention correct answersSimilar to secondary, but the pop has
comorbidities (2 NCD)* that must also be addressed along with NCD
outcome of interest
Consideration for Human Research Study Design correct answers-Inclusion of
a Control Group/Placebo
-Homogeneity of Participants
-Adherence
-Subjective vs. Objective Outcomes
-External Validity
Homogeneity of participants correct answersall the items in the sample
are chosen because they have similar or identical traits
Adherence vs. Compliance correct answers-Compliance is a passive
behavior in which a patient is following a list of instructions from the doctor.
-Adherence is a more positive, proactive behavior, which results in a lifestyle
change by the patient
Subjective vs. Objective correct answersSubjective
(Feelings) Objective (Facts)
external validity correct answersthe extent to which the results of a
study can be generalized to other situations and to other people
Observational Study Design correct answersDirect observation of
participants in natural environment, determination of who does and does not
receive an intervention is determined by individual preferences, behavioral
patterns, decisions
(Ex. observing if exposure to second hand smoking in everyday life impact
lung health) cross-sectional study correct answersOutcome of interest
measured at one point in time
longitudinal study correct answersOutcome of interest measured over a
period of time of variable duration
quantitative study correct answersnumerical outcome of interest (ex:
height, weight, blood pressure)
, qualitative study correct answersnon-numerical outcome of interest
(ex: opinion, experience, concept, feeling)
cross-over study correct answersparticipants receive interventional
treatment/placebo for Stage 1, undergo "washout period," then receive
whatever was not given during Stage 1 (treatment or placebo) for duration
of Stage 2
Lifestyle Interventions in Nutritional Research correct answers-Dietary
behavior change: dietary fat reduction, conversion to vegetarian or vegan
diets, restriction of total kilocalorie intake, and elimination or reduction of
specific food items
-Physical activity behavior change : increase, decrease non-purposeful
movement
-Exercise behavior change: focusing on the benefits of physical activity is
more effective for behavior change than presenting the risks of a sedentary
lifestyle
-Attitude/belief change: self-efficacy, education, motivation, problem-solving,
adherence Pharmacologic interventions in nutritional research correct
answers1. SAFETY
2. TOLERABILITY
3. EFFICACY
4. PRICE
5. SIMPLICITY
Preclinical research correct answers-aims to generate increased
understanding of disease and new strategies for treatment
-Preclinical work done in cells, in small animal models; NOT in humans
Clinical Trials correct answers-experiments that study the effectiveness
of medical treatments on actual patients
-the "next step" after preclinical research if a treatment is suspected to
improve the health and/or wellbeing of patients
Phase 0 clinical trial correct answershow does body respond to treatment,
small "dose" given to small number of people (10-15)
Phase 1 clinical trials correct answersWhat is the "best dose" to see
improvements in outcome of interest w/o significant side effects
(15-30 people)
Phase 2 clinical trials correct answersfurther assessment of safety in larger
participant group
Phase 3 clinical trials correct answerscomparison of new treatment to
standard of care, 100+ participants, FDA approval if successful
