NR 283
Pathophysiology
Final Exams Review (Qns & Ans)
2025
1. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of chronic
inflammation?
- A. Short duration
- B. Predominance of neutrophils
- C. Presence of macrophages and lymphocytes
- D. Immediate onset
- ANS: C. Presence of macrophages and lymphocytes
- Rationale: Chronic inflammation is characterized by a
prolonged duration and the presence of macrophages and
©2025
,lymphocytes, unlike acute inflammation, which is dominated by
neutrophils and has a rapid onset.
2. Which genetic mutation is commonly associated with cystic
fibrosis?
- A. BRCA1
- B. CFTR
- C. HBB
- D. LDLR
- ANS: B. CFTR
- Rationale: Cystic fibrosis is caused by mutations in the
CFTR gene, which encodes a protein involved in the regulation of
salt and water movement across cell membranes.
3. In diabetic nephropathy, which structure of the kidney is
primarily affected?
- A. Renal pelvis
- B. Glomerulus
- C. Ureter
- D. Bowman’s capsule
- ANS: B. Glomerulus
©2025
, - Rationale: Diabetic nephropathy predominantly affects the
glomerulus, leading to proteinuria and progressive kidney
dysfunction.
4. Which of the following is a hallmark of apoptosis?
- A. Cell swelling
- B. Inflammation
- C. DNA fragmentation
- D. Uncontrolled cell division
- ANS: C. DNA fragmentation
- Rationale: Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is
characterized by DNA fragmentation, cell shrinkage, and the
absence of inflammation.
Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
5. Fill in the blank: The ____________ is the primary organ
affected in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
- ANS: Motor neurons
- Rationale: ALS primarily affects motor neurons, leading to
progressive muscle weakness and atrophy.
©2025
Pathophysiology
Final Exams Review (Qns & Ans)
2025
1. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of chronic
inflammation?
- A. Short duration
- B. Predominance of neutrophils
- C. Presence of macrophages and lymphocytes
- D. Immediate onset
- ANS: C. Presence of macrophages and lymphocytes
- Rationale: Chronic inflammation is characterized by a
prolonged duration and the presence of macrophages and
©2025
,lymphocytes, unlike acute inflammation, which is dominated by
neutrophils and has a rapid onset.
2. Which genetic mutation is commonly associated with cystic
fibrosis?
- A. BRCA1
- B. CFTR
- C. HBB
- D. LDLR
- ANS: B. CFTR
- Rationale: Cystic fibrosis is caused by mutations in the
CFTR gene, which encodes a protein involved in the regulation of
salt and water movement across cell membranes.
3. In diabetic nephropathy, which structure of the kidney is
primarily affected?
- A. Renal pelvis
- B. Glomerulus
- C. Ureter
- D. Bowman’s capsule
- ANS: B. Glomerulus
©2025
, - Rationale: Diabetic nephropathy predominantly affects the
glomerulus, leading to proteinuria and progressive kidney
dysfunction.
4. Which of the following is a hallmark of apoptosis?
- A. Cell swelling
- B. Inflammation
- C. DNA fragmentation
- D. Uncontrolled cell division
- ANS: C. DNA fragmentation
- Rationale: Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is
characterized by DNA fragmentation, cell shrinkage, and the
absence of inflammation.
Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
5. Fill in the blank: The ____________ is the primary organ
affected in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
- ANS: Motor neurons
- Rationale: ALS primarily affects motor neurons, leading to
progressive muscle weakness and atrophy.
©2025
