OT 550 Midterm Exam Latest Update
where do you find research topics? - ANSWER •Clinical "irritation" - FW Observation
•Demographic trends
•Clinical trends
clinical irritation - ANSWER something that "bothered" you or you thought could be
improved
Examples:
•Relevant interventions
•Interventions OR access to interventions
•Smoking Policies
•Staff Attitudes and work morale
•Client/Physician relationship
demographic trends examples - ANSWER •Baby boomers- 71 million
•Socio-economics and health disparities
•1/66 children have autism
clinical trends examples - ANSWER •Older driver safety
•Interventions for autism
•Adults with DD in community
•Aging in Place
•Ergonomics
How do you know if your topic is "good" (Should I conduct this study?) - ANSWER •Does
the current literature answer your question?
•Is there enough evidence to make an informed practice decision?
•Does the literature include your population?
Why conduct a study if the topic already has sufficient evidence?
theory and research - ANSWER •Why does everyone "see" different things?
,•How does it relate to your experiences, skills, or mindset?
•How does your experience, or perspective influence questions you might ask?
•The need for
-a common theory,
-specific variables to address
-A clear research question
*research gives us focus
definition of research - ANSWER •A methodical study that seeks to prove an hypothesis
or answer a specific research question
OR
•A systematic method of answering a question
characteristics of research - ANSWER •Organized process
•Planned out
•Thoughtful (literature review)
•Clear questions
•Data is analyzed
•Interpreted
Answers a question
why is research important to OT? - ANSWER -To build knowledge
-To determine treatment efficacy and effectiveness (does it work?)
-To impact health policy & service delivery (efficiency)
-To use research yourself- consumer
-Enhance daily practice
What skills do you need for research? - ANSWER -Individual skills
-Team-based skills
*critical thinking, problem solving, analysis, dissemination
history of human subject research and ethics (nuremberg code) - ANSWER 1946:
German physicians experimented on prisoners without their consent. Most died or
,became disabled.
1948: Nuremberg Code **
"The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential"
history of human subject research and ethics continued (tuskegee) - ANSWER Tuskegee
Syphilis Study (1932-1972)
-400 African American men infected with syphilis were denied treatment; many died
-Stopped in 1973 by the U.S. DHEW after publicized and became a political
embarrassment.
declaration of helsinki - ANSWER Declaration of Helsinki
*1964: World Medical Association gave recommendations for research involving human
subjects.
-Research should be based on lab experimentation (first)
-Protocols should be reviewed by an independent committee
-Informed consent needed from research participants
-Research should be conducted by qualified individuals
-Risks should not exceed benefits
Should be reviewed by IRB
Informed consent - nature of study, risks/benefits, reasonable alternatives, can't be
higher than 8th grade, withdrawal at anytime
Protected classes - children need caregiver or guardian (teacher, principal, director of
special ed, superintendent approval in school)
Payment for study - problem with payment (or any benefit to participant) can't entice
them enough that would potentially harm someone
*don't want participants that have a captive audience (audience that has to be there);
coercion
national research act - ANSWER National Research Act
1974-National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and
Behavioral Research,
-Developed ethical principles involving human subjects
-Develop guidelines
, the belmont report - 1978 - ANSWER A statement of three fundamental ethical principles
for using human subjects:
(1) Respect for persons: individual autonomy should be protected; individuals should be
treated with respect
(2) Beneficence: participants should not be harmed; maximize benefits of project;
minimize risks to subjects
(3) Justice: must be fair in all procedures for choosing participants; risk and benefits
should be distributed evenly
Individual Autonomy or Voluntary Participation - ANSWER Requires that people not be
coerced into participating in research.
*Especially relevant for 'captive audiences' called PROTECTED POPULATIONS, such as
prisons, students, children
Individual autonomy - can't coerce with money or power
1.Informed consent
2.Confidentiality - authorization to share information; no personal identifiable
information will be collected; not going to give linguistics
3.Take in consideration cognitive level of population
4.Not disclose anything they are not comfortable with
Protected Populations in Research - ANSWER Prisoners: The only research that may be
conducted with prisoners as subjects is research that is material to the lives of the
prisoners
Children
People with cognitive impairments
Students at QU!! - may feel coerced
informed consent process - ANSWER Participants must understand what they will be
doing
Participant must understand risks!!
Language must be understandable to participants' (age/cognition)
Participants understand they can withdraw at any time
Participants must have time consider and ask questions!!
two parts of informed consent - ANSWER 1. Providing information about the study,
where do you find research topics? - ANSWER •Clinical "irritation" - FW Observation
•Demographic trends
•Clinical trends
clinical irritation - ANSWER something that "bothered" you or you thought could be
improved
Examples:
•Relevant interventions
•Interventions OR access to interventions
•Smoking Policies
•Staff Attitudes and work morale
•Client/Physician relationship
demographic trends examples - ANSWER •Baby boomers- 71 million
•Socio-economics and health disparities
•1/66 children have autism
clinical trends examples - ANSWER •Older driver safety
•Interventions for autism
•Adults with DD in community
•Aging in Place
•Ergonomics
How do you know if your topic is "good" (Should I conduct this study?) - ANSWER •Does
the current literature answer your question?
•Is there enough evidence to make an informed practice decision?
•Does the literature include your population?
Why conduct a study if the topic already has sufficient evidence?
theory and research - ANSWER •Why does everyone "see" different things?
,•How does it relate to your experiences, skills, or mindset?
•How does your experience, or perspective influence questions you might ask?
•The need for
-a common theory,
-specific variables to address
-A clear research question
*research gives us focus
definition of research - ANSWER •A methodical study that seeks to prove an hypothesis
or answer a specific research question
OR
•A systematic method of answering a question
characteristics of research - ANSWER •Organized process
•Planned out
•Thoughtful (literature review)
•Clear questions
•Data is analyzed
•Interpreted
Answers a question
why is research important to OT? - ANSWER -To build knowledge
-To determine treatment efficacy and effectiveness (does it work?)
-To impact health policy & service delivery (efficiency)
-To use research yourself- consumer
-Enhance daily practice
What skills do you need for research? - ANSWER -Individual skills
-Team-based skills
*critical thinking, problem solving, analysis, dissemination
history of human subject research and ethics (nuremberg code) - ANSWER 1946:
German physicians experimented on prisoners without their consent. Most died or
,became disabled.
1948: Nuremberg Code **
"The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential"
history of human subject research and ethics continued (tuskegee) - ANSWER Tuskegee
Syphilis Study (1932-1972)
-400 African American men infected with syphilis were denied treatment; many died
-Stopped in 1973 by the U.S. DHEW after publicized and became a political
embarrassment.
declaration of helsinki - ANSWER Declaration of Helsinki
*1964: World Medical Association gave recommendations for research involving human
subjects.
-Research should be based on lab experimentation (first)
-Protocols should be reviewed by an independent committee
-Informed consent needed from research participants
-Research should be conducted by qualified individuals
-Risks should not exceed benefits
Should be reviewed by IRB
Informed consent - nature of study, risks/benefits, reasonable alternatives, can't be
higher than 8th grade, withdrawal at anytime
Protected classes - children need caregiver or guardian (teacher, principal, director of
special ed, superintendent approval in school)
Payment for study - problem with payment (or any benefit to participant) can't entice
them enough that would potentially harm someone
*don't want participants that have a captive audience (audience that has to be there);
coercion
national research act - ANSWER National Research Act
1974-National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and
Behavioral Research,
-Developed ethical principles involving human subjects
-Develop guidelines
, the belmont report - 1978 - ANSWER A statement of three fundamental ethical principles
for using human subjects:
(1) Respect for persons: individual autonomy should be protected; individuals should be
treated with respect
(2) Beneficence: participants should not be harmed; maximize benefits of project;
minimize risks to subjects
(3) Justice: must be fair in all procedures for choosing participants; risk and benefits
should be distributed evenly
Individual Autonomy or Voluntary Participation - ANSWER Requires that people not be
coerced into participating in research.
*Especially relevant for 'captive audiences' called PROTECTED POPULATIONS, such as
prisons, students, children
Individual autonomy - can't coerce with money or power
1.Informed consent
2.Confidentiality - authorization to share information; no personal identifiable
information will be collected; not going to give linguistics
3.Take in consideration cognitive level of population
4.Not disclose anything they are not comfortable with
Protected Populations in Research - ANSWER Prisoners: The only research that may be
conducted with prisoners as subjects is research that is material to the lives of the
prisoners
Children
People with cognitive impairments
Students at QU!! - may feel coerced
informed consent process - ANSWER Participants must understand what they will be
doing
Participant must understand risks!!
Language must be understandable to participants' (age/cognition)
Participants understand they can withdraw at any time
Participants must have time consider and ask questions!!
two parts of informed consent - ANSWER 1. Providing information about the study,
