LATEST Questions And Answers On NAVLE

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LATEST Questions And Answers On
NAVLE
ACTHxandxLDDSxsensitivity/specificityx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
ACTHxStimulation.xThextwoxdiagnosticxscreeningxtestsxusedxmostxforxdiagnosisxofxhyperad
renocorticismxarexthexACTHxstimulationxtestxandxthexLDDS.xRememberxyourxPsxandxNs.

ACTHxStimxisxthexmostxsPecificx(fewerxfalsexPos,xsoxtrustxaxPOSxtestxmore).
Clickxherexforxaxdiagram

LDDSxisxmorexseNsitivex(fewerxfalsexNegs,xsoxtrustxNEGxtestxmore).

aldosteronex-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
Aldosterone,xthexmineralocorticoidxproducedxinxthexadrenalxcortex,xactsxonxthexdistalxconv
olutedxtubulesx(andxcollectingxducts)xofxthexnephronxtoxretainxNa+xandxwater,xsecretexK+xa
ndxincreasexbloodxpressure.xClinically,xlookxforxincreasedxaldosteronexsecretionx(increase
dxbloodxpressure)xwithxCHF.

anionxgapx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-Anionxgap=x(Positives)-(Negatives)x=x(Na+xandxK+)x-
(Cl-xandxHCO3-).

Typicallyxseexincreasedxanionxgapxwith:
Diabeticxketoacidosis
Renalxinsufficiency
Ethylenexglycolxtoxicity
Lacticxacidosisxfromxgrainxoverloadxorxstrenuousxexercise

bonexdzx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-Thexhallmarkxofxpanosteitisxisxanxacute-
onsetxshiftingxlegxlamenessxwithxlongxbonexpainxinxaxyoungx(5xmos-
2xyears),xmediumxtoxlargexbreedxdog.

GermanxShepherdsxarexreportedxtoxbexatxhighestxriskxofxpanosteitis.xBassetxhoundsxmayxb
exover-represented.

Hypertrophicxosteodystrophyx(HOD)xisxcharacterizedxbyxbilateralxmetaphysealxpain,xswelli
ngxinxdistalxradiusxandxulna,xfever,xanorexiaxandxdepression.xTypicallyxaxdiseasexofxyoung,x
growingxlargexandxgiantxbreedxdogs.

Hypertrophicxosteopathyx(HO)xisxaxdiffusexperiostealxproliferativexdiseasexofxlongxbonesxinx
dogsxSECONDARYxtoxneoplasticxorxinfectiousxmassesxinxthexthoracicxorxabdominalxcavity.

, Multiplexcartilaginousxexostosesxisxcharacterizedxbyxnon-
painfulxossifiedxswellingsxonxmetaphysealxcorticalxsurfacesxofxlongxbones,xvertebrae,xandxr
ibsxinxyoungxdogsxandxcats.xAnimalsxmayxhavexnoxsignsxatxall.xDiagnosisxisxconfirmedxbyxp
alpationxandxradiography.xClickxherextoxseexaxradiographxofxcartilaginousxexostoses

Retainedxulnarxcartilagexcoresxarexcharacterizedxbyxlamenessxandxeventually,xangularxlim
bxdeformityxinxyoung,xlargexbreedxdogs.

BovinexPalpationx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
Anxexperiencedxpractitionerxcanxreliablyxfeelxplacentomesxaroundx70-
75xdays.xYouxcanxreliablyxfeelxthex"membranexslip"xofxchorioallantoicxmembranesxrectallyxa
tx30-
35xdaysxandxfremitusx(vibrationxinxuterinexarteryxofxthexgravidxuterinexhorn)xbetweenx90-
120xdays.;

OnexwayxtoxrememberxthesexisxthatxthexEARLIESTxoccursxinxREVERSExalphabeticalxorde
rxie:
Slipx30-35xdays
Placentomesx70-75xdays
Fremitusx90-120xdays

classesxofxHWxdzx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
ThisxisxthexclinicalxpicturexofxclassxIIxheartwormxdiseasex(ie:xmoderatexdisease).xInxaxnutsh
ell,xClassxIxisxmildxandxclassxIIIxisxsevere.xClassxIVxisxanxacutexshock-likexsyndrome.

FIVx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-toxoplasmosis

FIVxandxvaccinationsx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
RememberxthatxcatsxvaccinatedxforxFIVxwillxtestxpositivexforxFIVxantibodiesxbyxFIVxELISAxa
ndxWesternxblot.

ThisxisxDIFFERENTxfromxfelinexleukemiaxvirusx(FeLV)xtestingxbecausexthexFeLVxELISAxan
dxIFAxtestsxmeasurexANTIGEN,xnotxantibody,xsoxFeLVxvaccinationxdoesxNOTxinterferexwit
hxtesting.

HeartxFailurex-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
Ascites,xdistendedxjugularsxsuggestsxRIGHTxcongestivexheartxfailurex(CHF),xmorexthanxlef
txCHFx(pulmonaryxedema,xcrackles,xwheezes,xcough).

pericardialxeffusionx=xballoonxheartxonxrads

heartxsoundsx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-Thexfirstxheartxsoundx(S1-thex"lub"xinx"lub-
dub")xisxcausedxbyxclosurexofxthexatrioventricularxvalvesx(AVxvalves,xmitralxandxtricuspid).

Thexsecondxsoundx(S2)xisxthexclosurexofxthexaorticxandxpulmonicxvalvesx(semilunarxvalves)
.