HESI PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ADVANCED ASSESSMENT WITH
QUESTIONS AND 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADED A+
After talking w/ the HCP, a male pt continues to have questions about
the results of a prostatic surface antigen (PSA) screening test and asks
the nurse how the PSA levels become elevated. The nurse should explain
which pathophysiological mechanism? VERIFIED ANSWER As the
prostate gland enlarges, its cells contribute more PSA in the circulating
blood
PSA is a glycoprotein found in prostatic epithelial cells, and elevations
are used as a specific tumor markers. Elevations in PSA are r/t gland
volume, ie. benign BPH, prostatitis, and cancer of the prostate,
indicating tumor cell load. PSA levels are also used to monitor response
to therapy
A 26 yr old male client w/ Hodgkin's disease is scheduled to undergo
radiation therapy. The clinet expresses concern about the effect of
radiation on his ability to have children. What info should the nurse
provide? VERIFIED ANSWER Permanent sterility occurs in the male
client who receive radiation
Low sperm count and loss of motility are seen in males w/ Hodgkin's
disease b/f any therapy. Radiotherapy often results in permanent
aspermia, or sterility
The nurse hears short, high-pitched sounds just b/f the end of inspiration
in the right and left lower lobes when auscultating a client's lungs. How
,should this finding be recorded? VERIFIED ANSWER Crackles in the
right and left lower lobes
Fine crackles - short, high-pitched sounds heard just b/f the end of
inspiration that are the result of rapid equalization of pressure when
collaped alveoli or terminal bronchioles suddenly snap open
Wheezing is a continuous high-pitched squeaking or musical sound
caused by rapid vibration of bronchial walls that are 1st evident on
expiration and may be audible
A client is admitted to the ER w/ a tension pneumothorax. Which
assessment should the nurse expect to ID? VERIFIED ANSWER A
deviation of the trachea toward the side opposite of the pneumothorax
Tension pneumothorax is caused by rapid accumulation of air in the
pleural space, causing severely high intrapleural pressure. This results in
collapse of the lung, and the mediastinum shifts toward the unaffected
side, which is subsequently compressed
A client who is receiving a whole blood transfusion dv's chills, fever,
and a HA 30 min after the transfusion is started. The nurse shold
recognize these sx as characteristic of what rxn? VERIFIED ANSWER
A febrile transfusion reaction
Sx of a febrile reaction include sudden chills, fever, HA, flushing, and
muscle pain.
,An allergic rxn is the response of histamine release which is
characterized by flushing, itching, and urticaria. It exhibits an
exaggerated allergic response that progresses to shock and possible
cardiac arrest
an acute hemolytic reaction presents w/ fever, chills, but is hallmarked
by the onset of low back pain, tachycardia, tachypnea, vascular collapse,
hemoglobinuria, dark urine, ARF, shock, cardiac arrest, and even death
The nurse is analyzing the waveforms of a client's ECG. What finding
indicates a disturbance in electrical conduction in the ventricles?
VERIFIED ANSWER QRS interval of 0.14 second
the normal duration of the QRS is 0.04 - 0.12 sec
T wave is 0.16 sec;
PR is 0.12 - 0.20 sec;
QT is 0.31-0.38 sec
Several hrs after surgical repair of an AAA, the client dvps left flank
pain. the nurse determines the client's urinary output is 20 m.;hr for the
past 2 hrs. The nurse should conclude that these findings support which
complication? VERIFIED ANSWER Renal artery embolization
, Post-op complications of surgical repair of AAA are r/t the location of
resection, graft, or stent placement along the abd'l aorta. Embolization of
a fragment of thrombus or plaque from the aorta into a renal artery can
compromise blood flow in 1 of the renal arteries, resulting in renal
ischemia that precipitates unilateral flank pain
A client w/ markedly distended bladder is dx w/ hydronephroosis and
left hydroureter after an IV pyelogram. The nurse catheterizes the client
and obtains a residual urine vol of 1650 ml. this finding supports which
pathophysiological cause of the client's urinary tract obstruction?
VERIFIED ANSWER Obstruction at the urinary bladder neck
Hydroureter (dilation of the renal pelvis), vesicoureteral reflux
(backward mvmt of urine from the lower to upper urinary tracts), and
hydronephrosis (dilation or enlargement of the renal pelvis and calyces)
result from post-renal obstruction which can consequently result in
chronic pyelonephritis and renal atrophy. Ascending urinary reflux
occurs when normal ureteral peristaltic pressure is met w/ an increase in
urinary pressure occurring during bladder filling if the urinary bladder
neck is obstructed
The nurse is planning care for a client who has a right hemispheric
stroke. Which nsg dx should the nurse include in the POC? VERIFIED
ANSWER Risk for injury r/t denial of deficits and impulsiveness
Right-brain damage - a client experience difficulty in judgment and
spatial perception and is more likely to be impulsive and move quickly,
which placing the client at risk for falls
QUESTIONS AND 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADED A+
After talking w/ the HCP, a male pt continues to have questions about
the results of a prostatic surface antigen (PSA) screening test and asks
the nurse how the PSA levels become elevated. The nurse should explain
which pathophysiological mechanism? VERIFIED ANSWER As the
prostate gland enlarges, its cells contribute more PSA in the circulating
blood
PSA is a glycoprotein found in prostatic epithelial cells, and elevations
are used as a specific tumor markers. Elevations in PSA are r/t gland
volume, ie. benign BPH, prostatitis, and cancer of the prostate,
indicating tumor cell load. PSA levels are also used to monitor response
to therapy
A 26 yr old male client w/ Hodgkin's disease is scheduled to undergo
radiation therapy. The clinet expresses concern about the effect of
radiation on his ability to have children. What info should the nurse
provide? VERIFIED ANSWER Permanent sterility occurs in the male
client who receive radiation
Low sperm count and loss of motility are seen in males w/ Hodgkin's
disease b/f any therapy. Radiotherapy often results in permanent
aspermia, or sterility
The nurse hears short, high-pitched sounds just b/f the end of inspiration
in the right and left lower lobes when auscultating a client's lungs. How
,should this finding be recorded? VERIFIED ANSWER Crackles in the
right and left lower lobes
Fine crackles - short, high-pitched sounds heard just b/f the end of
inspiration that are the result of rapid equalization of pressure when
collaped alveoli or terminal bronchioles suddenly snap open
Wheezing is a continuous high-pitched squeaking or musical sound
caused by rapid vibration of bronchial walls that are 1st evident on
expiration and may be audible
A client is admitted to the ER w/ a tension pneumothorax. Which
assessment should the nurse expect to ID? VERIFIED ANSWER A
deviation of the trachea toward the side opposite of the pneumothorax
Tension pneumothorax is caused by rapid accumulation of air in the
pleural space, causing severely high intrapleural pressure. This results in
collapse of the lung, and the mediastinum shifts toward the unaffected
side, which is subsequently compressed
A client who is receiving a whole blood transfusion dv's chills, fever,
and a HA 30 min after the transfusion is started. The nurse shold
recognize these sx as characteristic of what rxn? VERIFIED ANSWER
A febrile transfusion reaction
Sx of a febrile reaction include sudden chills, fever, HA, flushing, and
muscle pain.
,An allergic rxn is the response of histamine release which is
characterized by flushing, itching, and urticaria. It exhibits an
exaggerated allergic response that progresses to shock and possible
cardiac arrest
an acute hemolytic reaction presents w/ fever, chills, but is hallmarked
by the onset of low back pain, tachycardia, tachypnea, vascular collapse,
hemoglobinuria, dark urine, ARF, shock, cardiac arrest, and even death
The nurse is analyzing the waveforms of a client's ECG. What finding
indicates a disturbance in electrical conduction in the ventricles?
VERIFIED ANSWER QRS interval of 0.14 second
the normal duration of the QRS is 0.04 - 0.12 sec
T wave is 0.16 sec;
PR is 0.12 - 0.20 sec;
QT is 0.31-0.38 sec
Several hrs after surgical repair of an AAA, the client dvps left flank
pain. the nurse determines the client's urinary output is 20 m.;hr for the
past 2 hrs. The nurse should conclude that these findings support which
complication? VERIFIED ANSWER Renal artery embolization
, Post-op complications of surgical repair of AAA are r/t the location of
resection, graft, or stent placement along the abd'l aorta. Embolization of
a fragment of thrombus or plaque from the aorta into a renal artery can
compromise blood flow in 1 of the renal arteries, resulting in renal
ischemia that precipitates unilateral flank pain
A client w/ markedly distended bladder is dx w/ hydronephroosis and
left hydroureter after an IV pyelogram. The nurse catheterizes the client
and obtains a residual urine vol of 1650 ml. this finding supports which
pathophysiological cause of the client's urinary tract obstruction?
VERIFIED ANSWER Obstruction at the urinary bladder neck
Hydroureter (dilation of the renal pelvis), vesicoureteral reflux
(backward mvmt of urine from the lower to upper urinary tracts), and
hydronephrosis (dilation or enlargement of the renal pelvis and calyces)
result from post-renal obstruction which can consequently result in
chronic pyelonephritis and renal atrophy. Ascending urinary reflux
occurs when normal ureteral peristaltic pressure is met w/ an increase in
urinary pressure occurring during bladder filling if the urinary bladder
neck is obstructed
The nurse is planning care for a client who has a right hemispheric
stroke. Which nsg dx should the nurse include in the POC? VERIFIED
ANSWER Risk for injury r/t denial of deficits and impulsiveness
Right-brain damage - a client experience difficulty in judgment and
spatial perception and is more likely to be impulsive and move quickly,
which placing the client at risk for falls
