A&P CLINICAL ASSESSMENT UPDATED 2025 WITH
QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
Dr. Baker spends a long time listening to (auscultating) Caleb's heart.
Where on the thoracic surface do you auscultate to the tricuspid, mitral
(bicuspid), pulmonary, and aortic valves? VERIFIED ANSWER
Remember that tricuspid is the fourth intercostal space on the lower left
sternal border; mitral (bicuspid) is the fifth intercostal space medial to
left midclavicular line; pulmonary is the second intercostal space on the
left upper sternal border; and aortic is the second intercostal space on the
right upper sternal border.
Dr. Baker spends a long time listening to (auscultating) Caleb's heart.
Where do you think would be the best place to auscultate Caleb's
abnormal heart sound? Explain your answer. VERIFIED ANSWER
Caleb's defect lies in the interventricular septum between the
atrioventricular valves. So, the best place to hear it would be from the
lower left sternal border to the right lower sternal border because this is
the area that overlies the defect.
Caleb has abnormal heart sounds that tipped the doctor off to a problem.
Name the normal sounds of the heart and indicate what causes these
sounds. VERIFIED ANSWER S1 is the first heart sound or "lub" and
occurs due to closure of the atrioventricular (tricuspid and bicuspid)
,valves. S2 is the second heart sound or "dup" and occurs due to closure
of the pulmonary and aortic (semilunar) valves.
Caleb has abnormal heart sounds that tipped the doctor off to a problem.
In relation to the normal heart sounds, when would you expect to hear
the abnormal sound Dr. Baker heard? Explain your answer. VERIFIED
ANSWER VSDs generate a pansystolic (spanning the length of systole)
murmur between S1 and S2. This timing occurs because the
atrioventricular valves close first (S1), then the ventricles contract and
blood shunts rapidly from left ventricle to right ventricle (pansystolic
murmur), and finally the semilunar valves close (S2).
The defect in Caleb's heart allows blood to mix between the two
ventricular chambers.
Due to this defect would you expect the blood to move from left-to-right
ventricle or right-to-left ventricle during systole? VERIFIED ANSWER
Caleb's defect causes blood to move from the left ventricle to the right
ventricle during systole.
The defect in Caleb's heart allows blood to mix between the two
ventricular chambers.
Based on your understanding of blood pressure and resistance in the
heart and great vessels, explain your answer to question 3a. VERIFIED
ANSWER Blood moves into an open space where there is the least
,amount of resistance (pressure) or down its resistance (pressure)
gradient. The blood pressure in the right ventricle is lower than the
pressure in the left ventricle. This phenomenon occurs because the
afterload in the right ventricle is lower than the afterload of the right
ventricle. The difference between these afterloads is due to the
pulmonary blood vessels generating less resistance when compared to
the systemic blood vessels.
When an echocardiogram is performed, the technician color-codes
oxygenated blood (red) and deoxygenated blood (blue).
In a healthy baby, what color would the blood be within the right and left
ventricles, respectively? VERIFIED ANSWER The right ventricle has
deoxygenated blood (blue). The left ventricle has oxygenated blood
(red).
When an echocardiogram is performed, the technician color-codes
oxygenated blood (red) and deoxygenated blood (blue).
In Caleb's heart, what color would the blood be within the right and left
ventricles, respectively? VERIFIED ANSWER The right ventricle has
both deoxygenated and oxygenated blood (both blue and red). (Note: In
a real echocardiogram, this shows up as yellow/white.)
The left ventricle has oxygenated blood (red).
, Caleb's heart allows oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to mix. Based
on your knowledge of the heart and the great vessels, describe other
anatomical abnormalities that cause the mixing of oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood. VERIFIED ANSWER Patent ductus arteriosus:
Normally the ductus arteriosus, which connects the fetal pulmonary
trunk to the aorta, closes very soon after birth. However, if it fails to
close then it remains open, or patent. A patent ductus arteriosus allows a
portion of the oxygenated blood from the aorta to flow back to the
pulmonary trunk, where it mixes with deoxygenated blood that is sent to
the lungs. Because of this, there is a significant increase in the volume of
blood that goes to the lungs. Atrial
Septal Defect (ASD): A hole in the wall between the two upper
chambers is called an atrial septal defect, or ASD. Normally, systemic
deoxygenated blood is carried by the superior and inferior vena cavae to
the right atrium, and the left
atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the pulmonary veins. When a
defect is present between the atria, some oxygen-rich blood leaks back
to the right side of the heart. It then goes back to the lungs even though it
is already rich in oxygen. Because of this, there is a significant increase
in the volume of blood that goes to the lungs.
What happens to Caleb's systemic cardiac output as a result of his
ventricular septal defect (VSD)? Explain your answer. VERIFIED
ANSWER Due to a left-to-right blood shunt, the left ventricular volume
falls during systole prior to the opening of the aortic valve. This shunt
decreases stroke volume and cardiac output from the left ventricle into
the aorta.
QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
Dr. Baker spends a long time listening to (auscultating) Caleb's heart.
Where on the thoracic surface do you auscultate to the tricuspid, mitral
(bicuspid), pulmonary, and aortic valves? VERIFIED ANSWER
Remember that tricuspid is the fourth intercostal space on the lower left
sternal border; mitral (bicuspid) is the fifth intercostal space medial to
left midclavicular line; pulmonary is the second intercostal space on the
left upper sternal border; and aortic is the second intercostal space on the
right upper sternal border.
Dr. Baker spends a long time listening to (auscultating) Caleb's heart.
Where do you think would be the best place to auscultate Caleb's
abnormal heart sound? Explain your answer. VERIFIED ANSWER
Caleb's defect lies in the interventricular septum between the
atrioventricular valves. So, the best place to hear it would be from the
lower left sternal border to the right lower sternal border because this is
the area that overlies the defect.
Caleb has abnormal heart sounds that tipped the doctor off to a problem.
Name the normal sounds of the heart and indicate what causes these
sounds. VERIFIED ANSWER S1 is the first heart sound or "lub" and
occurs due to closure of the atrioventricular (tricuspid and bicuspid)
,valves. S2 is the second heart sound or "dup" and occurs due to closure
of the pulmonary and aortic (semilunar) valves.
Caleb has abnormal heart sounds that tipped the doctor off to a problem.
In relation to the normal heart sounds, when would you expect to hear
the abnormal sound Dr. Baker heard? Explain your answer. VERIFIED
ANSWER VSDs generate a pansystolic (spanning the length of systole)
murmur between S1 and S2. This timing occurs because the
atrioventricular valves close first (S1), then the ventricles contract and
blood shunts rapidly from left ventricle to right ventricle (pansystolic
murmur), and finally the semilunar valves close (S2).
The defect in Caleb's heart allows blood to mix between the two
ventricular chambers.
Due to this defect would you expect the blood to move from left-to-right
ventricle or right-to-left ventricle during systole? VERIFIED ANSWER
Caleb's defect causes blood to move from the left ventricle to the right
ventricle during systole.
The defect in Caleb's heart allows blood to mix between the two
ventricular chambers.
Based on your understanding of blood pressure and resistance in the
heart and great vessels, explain your answer to question 3a. VERIFIED
ANSWER Blood moves into an open space where there is the least
,amount of resistance (pressure) or down its resistance (pressure)
gradient. The blood pressure in the right ventricle is lower than the
pressure in the left ventricle. This phenomenon occurs because the
afterload in the right ventricle is lower than the afterload of the right
ventricle. The difference between these afterloads is due to the
pulmonary blood vessels generating less resistance when compared to
the systemic blood vessels.
When an echocardiogram is performed, the technician color-codes
oxygenated blood (red) and deoxygenated blood (blue).
In a healthy baby, what color would the blood be within the right and left
ventricles, respectively? VERIFIED ANSWER The right ventricle has
deoxygenated blood (blue). The left ventricle has oxygenated blood
(red).
When an echocardiogram is performed, the technician color-codes
oxygenated blood (red) and deoxygenated blood (blue).
In Caleb's heart, what color would the blood be within the right and left
ventricles, respectively? VERIFIED ANSWER The right ventricle has
both deoxygenated and oxygenated blood (both blue and red). (Note: In
a real echocardiogram, this shows up as yellow/white.)
The left ventricle has oxygenated blood (red).
, Caleb's heart allows oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to mix. Based
on your knowledge of the heart and the great vessels, describe other
anatomical abnormalities that cause the mixing of oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood. VERIFIED ANSWER Patent ductus arteriosus:
Normally the ductus arteriosus, which connects the fetal pulmonary
trunk to the aorta, closes very soon after birth. However, if it fails to
close then it remains open, or patent. A patent ductus arteriosus allows a
portion of the oxygenated blood from the aorta to flow back to the
pulmonary trunk, where it mixes with deoxygenated blood that is sent to
the lungs. Because of this, there is a significant increase in the volume of
blood that goes to the lungs. Atrial
Septal Defect (ASD): A hole in the wall between the two upper
chambers is called an atrial septal defect, or ASD. Normally, systemic
deoxygenated blood is carried by the superior and inferior vena cavae to
the right atrium, and the left
atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the pulmonary veins. When a
defect is present between the atria, some oxygen-rich blood leaks back
to the right side of the heart. It then goes back to the lungs even though it
is already rich in oxygen. Because of this, there is a significant increase
in the volume of blood that goes to the lungs.
What happens to Caleb's systemic cardiac output as a result of his
ventricular septal defect (VSD)? Explain your answer. VERIFIED
ANSWER Due to a left-to-right blood shunt, the left ventricular volume
falls during systole prior to the opening of the aortic valve. This shunt
decreases stroke volume and cardiac output from the left ventricle into
the aorta.
