APEA MONITORED EXAM LATEST UPDATE 2025 WITH 150
QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
The side effect profile of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) is
similar to the side effects of:
angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE) inhibitors.
beta-blockers.
calcium channel blockers.
pressors. VERIFIED ANSWER angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE)
inhibitors.
Isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil) is indicated for the treatment of:
acute angina.
chronic angina.
myocardial infarction.
esophageal spasm. VERIFIED ANSWER chronic angina.
Isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil) titradose tablets are indicated for the
prevention of angina pectoris due to coronary artery disease. The onset
of action of immediate-release oral isosorbide dinitrate is not sufficiently
rapid for this product to be useful in aborting an acute anginal episode.
Therefore, it is not indicated in the treatment of acute angina and
myocardial infarction. The treatment of esophageal spasms disorders is
an off-label use.
,Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (i.e. verapamil) may be
safely used in patients with:
heart failure.
bradycardia.
second-degree AV block.
chronic stable angina. VERIFIED ANSWER chronic stable angina.
Non-dihydropyridine CCBs (non-DHP CCB; i.e. verapamil [Calan] and
diltiazem [Cardizem]) have negative chronotropic and inotropic effects.
Therefore, they slow down heart rate and decrease force of ventricular
contractions. Non-DHP CCBs are contraindicated in patients with heart
failure who have reduced ejection fraction, sick sinus syndrome, and
second- or third-degree atrioventricular block. Since non-DHP CCBs
increase myocardial blood flow by dilating coronary arteries, they are
beneficial in patients with chronic stable angina.
Patients who are started on olmesartan (Benicar) should be advised to
report:
bladder spasms and dysuria.
constipation and weakness.
diarrhea and weight loss.
metallic taste and easy bruising. VERIFIED ANSWER diarrhea and
weight loss.
Patients should be advised to report persistent chronic diarrhea and
weight loss while taking olmesartan medoxomil (Benicar). This drug can
produce a sprue-like enteropathy characterized by severe chronic
,diarrhea and weight loss occurring months to years after initiation of the
drug. Benicar is an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB). Once other
etiologies have been excluded, discontinue Benicar and consider an
alternative hypertension treatment.
The medication that produces vasodilation and thus lowers blood
pressure by inhibiting the formation of angiotensin II is:
amlodipine (Norvasc).
losartan (Cozaar).
enalapril (Vasotec).
metoprolol (Lopressor). VERIFIED ANSWER enalapril (Vasotec).
Amlodipine (Norvasc) is a calcium channel blocker, losartan (Cozaar) is
an angiotensin II receptor blocker, and metoprolol (Lopressor) is a beta-
blocker.
Dabigatran (Pradaxa), an anticoagulant, is also classified as a:
direct factor Xa inhibitor.
direct thrombin inhibitor.
indirect thrombin inhibitor.
factor V inhibitor. VERIFIED ANSWER direct thrombin inhibitor.
Dabigatran (Pradaxa) is a direct thrombin inhibitor (DTI). Medications
in this class inactivate circulating and clotting thrombin (factor IIa).
They prevent thrombin (central to the generation of a thrombus) from
attaching fibrinogen to fibrin.
, Key advantages of using DTIs instead of heparin is that they: produce a
more predictable anticoagulant effect due to their lack of binding to
other plasma proteins; exert an antiplatelet effect; and do not cause
immune-mediated thrombocytopenia.
Loop diuretics such as bumetanide (Bumex):
produce a large volume of diuresis even at very low doses.
are more commonly used in patients with a decreased glomerular
filtration rate.
reduce blood pressure as effectively as thiazide diuretics when used as
monotherapy.
can be safely administered to patients who have sulfonamide agent
allergies. VERIFIED ANSWER are more commonly used in patients
with a decreased glomerular filtration rate.
Loop diuretics are commonly used to control volume retention and are
more commonly prescribed for patients with decreased glomerular
filtration rate or heart failure. Loop diuretics do not reduce blood
pressure as effectively as thiazide diuretics when they are used as
monotherapy. They possess a sulfonamide group, which has important
clinical relevance for patients with allergies to sulfonamide agents.
It is safe to use ranolazine (Ranexa) concomitantly with:
fluconazole (Diflucan).
phenytoin (Dilantin).
amlodipine (Norvasc).
QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
The side effect profile of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) is
similar to the side effects of:
angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE) inhibitors.
beta-blockers.
calcium channel blockers.
pressors. VERIFIED ANSWER angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE)
inhibitors.
Isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil) is indicated for the treatment of:
acute angina.
chronic angina.
myocardial infarction.
esophageal spasm. VERIFIED ANSWER chronic angina.
Isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil) titradose tablets are indicated for the
prevention of angina pectoris due to coronary artery disease. The onset
of action of immediate-release oral isosorbide dinitrate is not sufficiently
rapid for this product to be useful in aborting an acute anginal episode.
Therefore, it is not indicated in the treatment of acute angina and
myocardial infarction. The treatment of esophageal spasms disorders is
an off-label use.
,Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (i.e. verapamil) may be
safely used in patients with:
heart failure.
bradycardia.
second-degree AV block.
chronic stable angina. VERIFIED ANSWER chronic stable angina.
Non-dihydropyridine CCBs (non-DHP CCB; i.e. verapamil [Calan] and
diltiazem [Cardizem]) have negative chronotropic and inotropic effects.
Therefore, they slow down heart rate and decrease force of ventricular
contractions. Non-DHP CCBs are contraindicated in patients with heart
failure who have reduced ejection fraction, sick sinus syndrome, and
second- or third-degree atrioventricular block. Since non-DHP CCBs
increase myocardial blood flow by dilating coronary arteries, they are
beneficial in patients with chronic stable angina.
Patients who are started on olmesartan (Benicar) should be advised to
report:
bladder spasms and dysuria.
constipation and weakness.
diarrhea and weight loss.
metallic taste and easy bruising. VERIFIED ANSWER diarrhea and
weight loss.
Patients should be advised to report persistent chronic diarrhea and
weight loss while taking olmesartan medoxomil (Benicar). This drug can
produce a sprue-like enteropathy characterized by severe chronic
,diarrhea and weight loss occurring months to years after initiation of the
drug. Benicar is an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB). Once other
etiologies have been excluded, discontinue Benicar and consider an
alternative hypertension treatment.
The medication that produces vasodilation and thus lowers blood
pressure by inhibiting the formation of angiotensin II is:
amlodipine (Norvasc).
losartan (Cozaar).
enalapril (Vasotec).
metoprolol (Lopressor). VERIFIED ANSWER enalapril (Vasotec).
Amlodipine (Norvasc) is a calcium channel blocker, losartan (Cozaar) is
an angiotensin II receptor blocker, and metoprolol (Lopressor) is a beta-
blocker.
Dabigatran (Pradaxa), an anticoagulant, is also classified as a:
direct factor Xa inhibitor.
direct thrombin inhibitor.
indirect thrombin inhibitor.
factor V inhibitor. VERIFIED ANSWER direct thrombin inhibitor.
Dabigatran (Pradaxa) is a direct thrombin inhibitor (DTI). Medications
in this class inactivate circulating and clotting thrombin (factor IIa).
They prevent thrombin (central to the generation of a thrombus) from
attaching fibrinogen to fibrin.
, Key advantages of using DTIs instead of heparin is that they: produce a
more predictable anticoagulant effect due to their lack of binding to
other plasma proteins; exert an antiplatelet effect; and do not cause
immune-mediated thrombocytopenia.
Loop diuretics such as bumetanide (Bumex):
produce a large volume of diuresis even at very low doses.
are more commonly used in patients with a decreased glomerular
filtration rate.
reduce blood pressure as effectively as thiazide diuretics when used as
monotherapy.
can be safely administered to patients who have sulfonamide agent
allergies. VERIFIED ANSWER are more commonly used in patients
with a decreased glomerular filtration rate.
Loop diuretics are commonly used to control volume retention and are
more commonly prescribed for patients with decreased glomerular
filtration rate or heart failure. Loop diuretics do not reduce blood
pressure as effectively as thiazide diuretics when they are used as
monotherapy. They possess a sulfonamide group, which has important
clinical relevance for patients with allergies to sulfonamide agents.
It is safe to use ranolazine (Ranexa) concomitantly with:
fluconazole (Diflucan).
phenytoin (Dilantin).
amlodipine (Norvasc).
