©FYNDLAY 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2:49PM A+
Cardiovascular Physiology Exam 3 Questions
And Answers |Latest 2025 | Guaranteed Pass.
What is the Bayliss myogenic response? What happens intracellularly to an arterial myocyte
(smooth muscle cell) when it is stretched? - Answer✔The Bayliss myogenic response is when
arterial blood vessels contract when BP is raised. L-type Ca++ channels are activated producing
an increase in cytosolic Ca++ resulting in contraction.
An increase in SNS activity will result in what outcomes for blood flow to skeletal muscle, brain
and splanchnic circulation; central blood volume (venous return); SV; BP? Which receptors on
the arterial myocytes are primarily activated? - Answer✔Arterial vasoconstriction and
venoconstriction occurs via activation of α1 receptors, which decreases blood flow to the
skeletal muscle, brain and splanchnic circulation while increasing venous return, and thus SV.
By itself, this increases SVR which increases BP. β2 receptors may also be activated but α1
receptors predominate.
Given the SNS response to exercise, how does vasodilation occur in active muscle during
exercise? What is the primary mechanism? - Answer✔Metabolic vasodilators are the primary
mechanism. Epinephrine acting on β2 receptors contributes.
What is indicated if a person presents with both bradycardia and acute hypertension? Explain
the mechanism that produces these symptoms. - Answer✔The combination of bradycardia and
acute hypertension is the hallmark of a large, space-occupying lesion (tumor, hemorrhage).
Such a lesion raises intracranial pressure and displaces the brainstem down into the foramen
magnum compressing the vasomotor control centers, which raises peripheral SNS vasomotor
activity and hence BP (Cushing's reflex). The raised BP helps maintain cerebral perfusion but
also evokes bradycardia via the baroreflex
Discuss mediators of vasodilation and vasoconstriction, the most common receptors involved
and the sites where those receptors are most abundantly expressed (e.g., norepinephrine binds
to α1 receptors, which are abundant in most systemic blood vessels, triggering
vasoconstriction). Also, specifically identify metabolic vasodilators produced by active skeletal
muscle. - Answer✔-Vasoconstrictors: Epinephrine, norepinephrine, endothelin, thromboxane,
ADH, angiotensin II, serotonin, histamine.
1
, ©FYNDLAY 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2:49PM A+
-Vasodilators: extracellular K+ , hypoxia, EDHFs, adenosine, NO, prostacyclin (PGI2),
epinephrine, histamine and metabolic vasodilators which include K+ , H+ , hypoxia, adenosine,
ATP, PO4 ions, hyperosmolarity and H2O2.
-When NE and E bind to α receptors, vasoconstriction occurs. When they bind to β receptors,
vasodilation occurs (don't confuse with actions on myocardium)
-α and β1 receptors have similar affinity for NE and E (NE and E have similar potency in
activating α and β1 receptors; β2 receptors have a greater affinity for E (E is more potent in
activating β2 receptors than NE).
-α1-receptors are abundant in most systemic blood vessels. α2-receptors are abundant in
cutaneous blood vessels. β1-receptors are found in the cardiac pacemaker and myocardium.
β2-receptors are abundant in the arterial vessels of myocardium, skeletal muscle and liver, but
are outnumbered by 1-receptors in other blood vessels.
-Histamine binding to H1 receptors - vasoconstriction; H2 receptors - vasodilation.
Where are sympathetic vasodilator fibers found in humans? - Answer✔Sweat glands
Epinephrine is released from the ____________ in response to what kinds of stimuli? What
physiological effects does epinephrine bring about? - Answer✔Adrenal medulla.
-Stimuli - exercise, alerting response (fear), hypotension, hypoglycemia, (anger?).
-Effects - increased BP, HR and SV (stronger contraction), vasodilation in skeletal muscle and
myocardium (and liver), vasoconstriction in skin and splanchnic region, venoconstriction,
glycogenolysis, lipolysis.
What percent of O2 does the myocardium extract from arterial blood at rest? During exercise?
What is the primary means by which the O2 needs of the myocardium are met during exercise?
- Answer✔-Rest - about 67%; exercise - up to 90% (max) -Increased coronary blood flow via
vasodilation (and increased Q)
Describe the primary feature of the pulmonary system that enables high O2 transfer from the
alveoli to the blood. How is O2 transfer in the lungs improved during exercise? - Answer✔Dense
capillary packing.
Increased pulmonary pressure improves apical perfusion.
What is the single most important factor/substance involved in the regulation of smooth
muscle contraction? - Answer✔Calcium (intracellular levels) - Ca++ -calmodulin activates
myosin light chain kinase.
When blood flow velocity increases during exercise, what change do the large arteries undergo
and what causes this change? - Answer✔(flow-induced) dilation due to NO release (due to
shear stress).
2
Cardiovascular Physiology Exam 3 Questions
And Answers |Latest 2025 | Guaranteed Pass.
What is the Bayliss myogenic response? What happens intracellularly to an arterial myocyte
(smooth muscle cell) when it is stretched? - Answer✔The Bayliss myogenic response is when
arterial blood vessels contract when BP is raised. L-type Ca++ channels are activated producing
an increase in cytosolic Ca++ resulting in contraction.
An increase in SNS activity will result in what outcomes for blood flow to skeletal muscle, brain
and splanchnic circulation; central blood volume (venous return); SV; BP? Which receptors on
the arterial myocytes are primarily activated? - Answer✔Arterial vasoconstriction and
venoconstriction occurs via activation of α1 receptors, which decreases blood flow to the
skeletal muscle, brain and splanchnic circulation while increasing venous return, and thus SV.
By itself, this increases SVR which increases BP. β2 receptors may also be activated but α1
receptors predominate.
Given the SNS response to exercise, how does vasodilation occur in active muscle during
exercise? What is the primary mechanism? - Answer✔Metabolic vasodilators are the primary
mechanism. Epinephrine acting on β2 receptors contributes.
What is indicated if a person presents with both bradycardia and acute hypertension? Explain
the mechanism that produces these symptoms. - Answer✔The combination of bradycardia and
acute hypertension is the hallmark of a large, space-occupying lesion (tumor, hemorrhage).
Such a lesion raises intracranial pressure and displaces the brainstem down into the foramen
magnum compressing the vasomotor control centers, which raises peripheral SNS vasomotor
activity and hence BP (Cushing's reflex). The raised BP helps maintain cerebral perfusion but
also evokes bradycardia via the baroreflex
Discuss mediators of vasodilation and vasoconstriction, the most common receptors involved
and the sites where those receptors are most abundantly expressed (e.g., norepinephrine binds
to α1 receptors, which are abundant in most systemic blood vessels, triggering
vasoconstriction). Also, specifically identify metabolic vasodilators produced by active skeletal
muscle. - Answer✔-Vasoconstrictors: Epinephrine, norepinephrine, endothelin, thromboxane,
ADH, angiotensin II, serotonin, histamine.
1
, ©FYNDLAY 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2:49PM A+
-Vasodilators: extracellular K+ , hypoxia, EDHFs, adenosine, NO, prostacyclin (PGI2),
epinephrine, histamine and metabolic vasodilators which include K+ , H+ , hypoxia, adenosine,
ATP, PO4 ions, hyperosmolarity and H2O2.
-When NE and E bind to α receptors, vasoconstriction occurs. When they bind to β receptors,
vasodilation occurs (don't confuse with actions on myocardium)
-α and β1 receptors have similar affinity for NE and E (NE and E have similar potency in
activating α and β1 receptors; β2 receptors have a greater affinity for E (E is more potent in
activating β2 receptors than NE).
-α1-receptors are abundant in most systemic blood vessels. α2-receptors are abundant in
cutaneous blood vessels. β1-receptors are found in the cardiac pacemaker and myocardium.
β2-receptors are abundant in the arterial vessels of myocardium, skeletal muscle and liver, but
are outnumbered by 1-receptors in other blood vessels.
-Histamine binding to H1 receptors - vasoconstriction; H2 receptors - vasodilation.
Where are sympathetic vasodilator fibers found in humans? - Answer✔Sweat glands
Epinephrine is released from the ____________ in response to what kinds of stimuli? What
physiological effects does epinephrine bring about? - Answer✔Adrenal medulla.
-Stimuli - exercise, alerting response (fear), hypotension, hypoglycemia, (anger?).
-Effects - increased BP, HR and SV (stronger contraction), vasodilation in skeletal muscle and
myocardium (and liver), vasoconstriction in skin and splanchnic region, venoconstriction,
glycogenolysis, lipolysis.
What percent of O2 does the myocardium extract from arterial blood at rest? During exercise?
What is the primary means by which the O2 needs of the myocardium are met during exercise?
- Answer✔-Rest - about 67%; exercise - up to 90% (max) -Increased coronary blood flow via
vasodilation (and increased Q)
Describe the primary feature of the pulmonary system that enables high O2 transfer from the
alveoli to the blood. How is O2 transfer in the lungs improved during exercise? - Answer✔Dense
capillary packing.
Increased pulmonary pressure improves apical perfusion.
What is the single most important factor/substance involved in the regulation of smooth
muscle contraction? - Answer✔Calcium (intracellular levels) - Ca++ -calmodulin activates
myosin light chain kinase.
When blood flow velocity increases during exercise, what change do the large arteries undergo
and what causes this change? - Answer✔(flow-induced) dilation due to NO release (due to
shear stress).
2
