Psychology's History & Approaches
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Socrates & Plato - ✔✔two philosophers from ancient Greece (teacher & student);
believed knowledge to be innate and that the mind & body are distinct
Artistotle - ✔✔Greek philosopher who emphasized observation as a source of
knowledge; believed mind & body to be inseparable.
Rene Decartes - ✔✔French philosopher who agreed with Socrates and Plato concerning
the origins of knowledge and the separation between mind & body; speculated about
how mind & body communicate
Francis Bacon - ✔✔one of the founders of modern science; promoted use of scientific
method & wrote about problems with (what was later known as) confirmation bias
John Locke - ✔✔British political philosopher & author of "An Essay Concerning Human
Understanding"; coined the phrase "blank slate" to describe the state of human
knowledge at birth
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, empiricism - ✔✔the view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and
(b) science flourishes through observation and experiment.
Wilhelm Wundt - ✔✔German physiologist who founded psychology as a formal
science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879
E.B. Titchener - ✔✔Psychologist who developed structuralism and introspection;
student of Wilhelm Wundt.
structuralism - ✔✔an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the
elemental structure of the human mind
William James - ✔✔founder of functionalism; studied how humans use their abilities to
function in their environments; known for being an early teacher of psychology
Mary Whiton Calkins - ✔✔first female president of the APA (1905); a student of
William James; denied the PhD she earned from Harvard because of her sex (later,
posthumously, it was granted to her)
Margaret Floy Washburn - ✔✔First female to be awarded a PhD in psychology; 2nd
president of the APA (1921)
functionalism - ✔✔William James's school of thought that stressed the adaptive and
survival value of behaviors
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Exam Questions and Answers 100%
Pass
Socrates & Plato - ✔✔two philosophers from ancient Greece (teacher & student);
believed knowledge to be innate and that the mind & body are distinct
Artistotle - ✔✔Greek philosopher who emphasized observation as a source of
knowledge; believed mind & body to be inseparable.
Rene Decartes - ✔✔French philosopher who agreed with Socrates and Plato concerning
the origins of knowledge and the separation between mind & body; speculated about
how mind & body communicate
Francis Bacon - ✔✔one of the founders of modern science; promoted use of scientific
method & wrote about problems with (what was later known as) confirmation bias
John Locke - ✔✔British political philosopher & author of "An Essay Concerning Human
Understanding"; coined the phrase "blank slate" to describe the state of human
knowledge at birth
100% Pass Guarantee Sophia Bennett, All Rights Reserved © 2025 1
, empiricism - ✔✔the view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and
(b) science flourishes through observation and experiment.
Wilhelm Wundt - ✔✔German physiologist who founded psychology as a formal
science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879
E.B. Titchener - ✔✔Psychologist who developed structuralism and introspection;
student of Wilhelm Wundt.
structuralism - ✔✔an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the
elemental structure of the human mind
William James - ✔✔founder of functionalism; studied how humans use their abilities to
function in their environments; known for being an early teacher of psychology
Mary Whiton Calkins - ✔✔first female president of the APA (1905); a student of
William James; denied the PhD she earned from Harvard because of her sex (later,
posthumously, it was granted to her)
Margaret Floy Washburn - ✔✔First female to be awarded a PhD in psychology; 2nd
president of the APA (1921)
functionalism - ✔✔William James's school of thought that stressed the adaptive and
survival value of behaviors
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