Solution Manual for V V
Statistics for Nursing Res
V V V n
earch A Workbook for Evi
V V V V
n dence-
n Based Practice 3rd Editio
V V V n
n Susan Grove Daisha
V V V
,AnswerVGuidelinesVforVQuestionsVtoVBeVGraded
Measurement: Nominal,
V
V
V V
V
1
Then questionsn aren inn boldn followedn byn answers.
1. InnTablen1,nidentifynthenleveln ofnmeasurementn fornnthenncurrentnntherapynnvariable.nn Prnovid
en anrationalen forn yourn answer.
Answer:n Thencurrentn therapynnvariablenwasnmeasurednnatnnthennnominaln level.nThesendrugn cnate
goriesnwerenprobablyndevelopedntonbenexhaustivenfornthisnstudynnandnnincludednnthenncatengoriesn
ofndrugsnthensubjectsnwerennreceiving.nnHowever,nnthenncategoriesnnarennnotnnexclusive,nsincen pati
entsn arenusuallynonn morenthann onenn categorynn ofnnthesenn drugsnntonn managenntheirnn hnealthn proble
ms.n Then currentntherapiesn aren notn measuredn atn then ordinaln leveln becausen theyncannotnbenran
knnordered,nnsincennnonndrugnncategorynncannnbennconsiderednnmorennornnlessnnbenefincialn thann anoth
ern drugn categoryn (seen Figuren 1-1;n Groven &n Gray,n 2019).
2. Whatnisnthen modenfornthencurrentnntherapynnvariablenninnnthisnnstudy?nn Providennannrationnal
en forn yourn answer.
Answer:n Then moden forn currentn therapyn wasn βn blocker.n An totaln ofn 100n (94%)n ofn then cardiacn patiennts
weren receivingn thisn categoryn ofnn drug,nn whichnn wasnn thenn mostnn commonnn prescribednn drugnn fornn tnhisn
sample.
3. Whatnstatisticsnweren conductednntondescribenthen BMInofnthenncardiacnpatientsninn thisnsam
ple?nDiscussnwhethernthesennanalysisnntechniquesnnwerennappropriatennornninapproprinate.
Answer:nBMInwasndescribednwithnanmeannandnstandardndeviationn(SD).nBMInmeasurementnresult
edninn ratio-
levelndatanwithncontinuousnvaluesnandnannnabsolutennzeronn(Stonenn&nnFrazier,nn2017).nnRatio-
nleveln datannshouldnn bennanalyzednn withnn parametricnn statisticsnnsuchnn asnn thennmeannn andnnSDn(Gron ve
n &nn Gray,n 2017;n Knapp,n 2017).
4. Researchersn usednthenfollowingnitemn tonmeasurenregisterednnurses’n(RNs)n incomen inn anstudy:
n Whatn categorynidentifiesn yourn currentn incomen asn ann RN?
a.n Lessn thann $50,000
b.n $50,000 to 59,999
c.n $60,000 to 69,999
d.n $70,000 to 80,000
e.n $80,000 or greater
Whatnlevelnofnnmeasurementnnisnnthisnnincomennvariable?nnDoesnnthennincomennvariablennfollon
wn thenrulesn outlinedninnFiguren 1-1?n Providenan rationalen forn yourn answer.
Answer:n Innthisn example,nthen incomen variablenisnmeasuredn atnthen ordinaln level.n Then incomencatego-
riesn aren exhaustive,n rangingn fromn lessn thann $50,000n ton greatern thann $80,000.n Then twon opnen-ended
,AGn 1-1
, AGn 1-2 Answern Guidelinesn forn Questionsn ton Ben Graded
categoriesn ensuren thatn alln salaryn levelsn aren covered.n Then categoriesn aren notn exclusive,n sincne
n catego-
riesnn(d)nn andnn(e)nn includenn annn $80,000nn salary,nn sonnstudynn participantsnn makingnn $80,000nn mighntn
markn eithern(d)n ornn(e)nn ornn bothnn categories,nn resultingnn innnerroneousnn data.nn Categorynn(e)nn cnouldn
ben changednn tonngreaternn thannn $80,000,nn makingnn thenn categoriesnn exclusive.nn Thenncategorniesn cann
n benn ranknn orderednn fromnn thenn lowestnn salarynn tonn thenn highestnn salary,nn whichnn isnn consiste n ntn withn or
dinaln datan (Groven &n Gray,n 2019;n Waltzn etn al.,n 2017).
5. Whatn leveln ofn measurementn isn then CDSn score?n Providen an rationalen forn yourn answer.
nAnswer:n Thenn CDSnn score nn isnn atnn thenn intervalnn levelnn ofnn measurement.nn Thenn CDSnn isnn ann 26-
nitemnn Likertnn scalenn developednn tonn measurenn depressionnn innn cardiacnn patients.nn Studynn participantns
n ratedn theirn symp-
tomsn onn anscalen ofn 1n ton 7,n withn highern numbersn indicatingn increasedn severityninnthendepressi
onn symptoms.n Thentotaln scoresn forn eachnsubjectn obtainedn fromn thisn multi-
itemn scalenn arennconsiderednntonn benn atnn thennintervalnn levelnn ofnn measurementnn(Graynn etnnal.,nn 2017
;n Waltznnetnn al.,nn 2017).
5.nWerennonparametricnornparametricnanalysisntechniquesnnusednntonnanalyzennthennCDSnnscn
oresn fornthencardiacnpatientsninnthisnstudy?n Providen anrationalennfornnyournnanswer.nAns
wer:n Parametricn statistics,n suchn asn meannandnnSD,nn werenn conductednn tonn describenn CDSnscores
forn studyn participantsn (seen Tablen 1).n CDSn scoresn aren interval-
levelndatanasnindicatedninnQuestionsnn5,nnsonnparametricnnstatisticsnnarennappropriatennfornnthisnnlenve
ln ofn datan (Grayn etn al.,n 2017;n Kimn &n Mallory,n 2017).
7. Isnthen prevalencenofn depressionnlinkedntonthen NYHAnclass?n Discussnthenclinicalnimnportanc
en ofn thisn result.
Answer:n Then studynn narrativennindicatednnthatnn thenn prevalencenn ofnn depressionnn increasednn withnthe
n greatern NYHAn class.n In n NYHAn classn III,n 64%n ofn then subjectsn weren depressed,n wherenasn 1
1%n ofn then subjectsn weren depressedn inn NYHAn classn I.n Thus,n asn then NYHAn classn incrneased,
n then numbern ofn sub-
jectsn withn depressionn increased.n Thisn isn ann expectedn findingn becausen asn then NYHAn classnincr
eases,n cardiacn patientsn haven moren severen physicaln symptoms,n whichn usuallyn resultn innemotion
aln distress,n suchn asn depression.n Nursesn needn ton activelyn assessn cardiacn patientsn forndepression,n e
speciallyn thosen inn highern NYHAn classes,n son theyn mightn ben diagnosednnnandntreatedn asn need
ed.
8. Whatnfrequencynandnpercentnnofnncardiacnnpatientsnninnnthisnnstudynnwerennnotnnbeingnntreante
dnwithnannantidepressant?nShownyourncalculationsnandnroundnyournanswerntonnthennearestn
wholen percentn (%).
Answer:n An totaln ofn 106n cardiacn patientsn participatedn innn thisnn study.nn Thenn samplenn incnluded
15nnpatientsnnwhonnwerennreceivingnnnannnnantidepressantnnn(seennnTablennn1).nnnThennnnumbnern
ofn cardiacn patientsn notn treatedn forn depressionn wasn 91n (106n –
15n =n 91).n Then groupn percentn isn calculatednn bynn thenn followingnn formula:nn (groupnn frequnency
n ÷n totaln samplenn size)nn ×n 100%.nn Fornn thisnn study,nn (91nn patientsnn ÷n 106nn samplenn sizne)nn× n1
00%nn=n0.858nn×n100%nnn=n85.8%nnn=n86%.nnnThennnfinalnnanswernnnisnnnroundednnntonnntnhenn nearestn
n wholenn percentnn asnn directednn innn thenn question.nn Younn couldnn havenn alsonn subtracten dn thenn 14% nn o
fnn patientsnntreatednn withnnantidepressantsnn fromnn 100%nn andnn obtainednn thenn 86%nwhon weren notn tre
atedn withn ann antidepressant.
t.n Whatnn wasnnthennpurposennofnnthenn5-
minutenwalknntestnn(5MWT)?nn Wouldnnthenn5MWTnn benn usefulnninnnclinicalnn practice?
Answer:n Han etnnal.n (2018)n stated,n “Then 6-
minn walkn testn (6MWT)nisn annmeasurennofn then submaximal,nn steady-
staten functionaln capacity”n ofn cardiacn patients.n Thisn testn wouldn ben an quick,n easyn waynn tondeter
minen an cardiacn patient’sn functionaln statusn inn an clinicalnn setting.nn Thisnn functionalnstatusn
scoren couldn ben usedn ton determinen then treatmentn plann ton promoten orn maintain
Statistics for Nursing Res
V V V n
earch A Workbook for Evi
V V V V
n dence-
n Based Practice 3rd Editio
V V V n
n Susan Grove Daisha
V V V
,AnswerVGuidelinesVforVQuestionsVtoVBeVGraded
Measurement: Nominal,
V
V
V V
V
1
Then questionsn aren inn boldn followedn byn answers.
1. InnTablen1,nidentifynthenleveln ofnmeasurementn fornnthenncurrentnntherapynnvariable.nn Prnovid
en anrationalen forn yourn answer.
Answer:n Thencurrentn therapynnvariablenwasnmeasurednnatnnthennnominaln level.nThesendrugn cnate
goriesnwerenprobablyndevelopedntonbenexhaustivenfornthisnstudynnandnnincludednnthenncatengoriesn
ofndrugsnthensubjectsnwerennreceiving.nnHowever,nnthenncategoriesnnarennnotnnexclusive,nsincen pati
entsn arenusuallynonn morenthann onenn categorynn ofnnthesenn drugsnntonn managenntheirnn hnealthn proble
ms.n Then currentntherapiesn aren notn measuredn atn then ordinaln leveln becausen theyncannotnbenran
knnordered,nnsincennnonndrugnncategorynncannnbennconsiderednnmorennornnlessnnbenefincialn thann anoth
ern drugn categoryn (seen Figuren 1-1;n Groven &n Gray,n 2019).
2. Whatnisnthen modenfornthencurrentnntherapynnvariablenninnnthisnnstudy?nn Providennannrationnal
en forn yourn answer.
Answer:n Then moden forn currentn therapyn wasn βn blocker.n An totaln ofn 100n (94%)n ofn then cardiacn patiennts
weren receivingn thisn categoryn ofnn drug,nn whichnn wasnn thenn mostnn commonnn prescribednn drugnn fornn tnhisn
sample.
3. Whatnstatisticsnweren conductednntondescribenthen BMInofnthenncardiacnpatientsninn thisnsam
ple?nDiscussnwhethernthesennanalysisnntechniquesnnwerennappropriatennornninapproprinate.
Answer:nBMInwasndescribednwithnanmeannandnstandardndeviationn(SD).nBMInmeasurementnresult
edninn ratio-
levelndatanwithncontinuousnvaluesnandnannnabsolutennzeronn(Stonenn&nnFrazier,nn2017).nnRatio-
nleveln datannshouldnn bennanalyzednn withnn parametricnn statisticsnnsuchnn asnn thennmeannn andnnSDn(Gron ve
n &nn Gray,n 2017;n Knapp,n 2017).
4. Researchersn usednthenfollowingnitemn tonmeasurenregisterednnurses’n(RNs)n incomen inn anstudy:
n Whatn categorynidentifiesn yourn currentn incomen asn ann RN?
a.n Lessn thann $50,000
b.n $50,000 to 59,999
c.n $60,000 to 69,999
d.n $70,000 to 80,000
e.n $80,000 or greater
Whatnlevelnofnnmeasurementnnisnnthisnnincomennvariable?nnDoesnnthennincomennvariablennfollon
wn thenrulesn outlinedninnFiguren 1-1?n Providenan rationalen forn yourn answer.
Answer:n Innthisn example,nthen incomen variablenisnmeasuredn atnthen ordinaln level.n Then incomencatego-
riesn aren exhaustive,n rangingn fromn lessn thann $50,000n ton greatern thann $80,000.n Then twon opnen-ended
,AGn 1-1
, AGn 1-2 Answern Guidelinesn forn Questionsn ton Ben Graded
categoriesn ensuren thatn alln salaryn levelsn aren covered.n Then categoriesn aren notn exclusive,n sincne
n catego-
riesnn(d)nn andnn(e)nn includenn annn $80,000nn salary,nn sonnstudynn participantsnn makingnn $80,000nn mighntn
markn eithern(d)n ornn(e)nn ornn bothnn categories,nn resultingnn innnerroneousnn data.nn Categorynn(e)nn cnouldn
ben changednn tonngreaternn thannn $80,000,nn makingnn thenn categoriesnn exclusive.nn Thenncategorniesn cann
n benn ranknn orderednn fromnn thenn lowestnn salarynn tonn thenn highestnn salary,nn whichnn isnn consiste n ntn withn or
dinaln datan (Groven &n Gray,n 2019;n Waltzn etn al.,n 2017).
5. Whatn leveln ofn measurementn isn then CDSn score?n Providen an rationalen forn yourn answer.
nAnswer:n Thenn CDSnn score nn isnn atnn thenn intervalnn levelnn ofnn measurement.nn Thenn CDSnn isnn ann 26-
nitemnn Likertnn scalenn developednn tonn measurenn depressionnn innn cardiacnn patients.nn Studynn participantns
n ratedn theirn symp-
tomsn onn anscalen ofn 1n ton 7,n withn highern numbersn indicatingn increasedn severityninnthendepressi
onn symptoms.n Thentotaln scoresn forn eachnsubjectn obtainedn fromn thisn multi-
itemn scalenn arennconsiderednntonn benn atnn thennintervalnn levelnn ofnn measurementnn(Graynn etnnal.,nn 2017
;n Waltznnetnn al.,nn 2017).
5.nWerennonparametricnornparametricnanalysisntechniquesnnusednntonnanalyzennthennCDSnnscn
oresn fornthencardiacnpatientsninnthisnstudy?n Providen anrationalennfornnyournnanswer.nAns
wer:n Parametricn statistics,n suchn asn meannandnnSD,nn werenn conductednn tonn describenn CDSnscores
forn studyn participantsn (seen Tablen 1).n CDSn scoresn aren interval-
levelndatanasnindicatedninnQuestionsnn5,nnsonnparametricnnstatisticsnnarennappropriatennfornnthisnnlenve
ln ofn datan (Grayn etn al.,n 2017;n Kimn &n Mallory,n 2017).
7. Isnthen prevalencenofn depressionnlinkedntonthen NYHAnclass?n Discussnthenclinicalnimnportanc
en ofn thisn result.
Answer:n Then studynn narrativennindicatednnthatnn thenn prevalencenn ofnn depressionnn increasednn withnthe
n greatern NYHAn class.n In n NYHAn classn III,n 64%n ofn then subjectsn weren depressed,n wherenasn 1
1%n ofn then subjectsn weren depressedn inn NYHAn classn I.n Thus,n asn then NYHAn classn incrneased,
n then numbern ofn sub-
jectsn withn depressionn increased.n Thisn isn ann expectedn findingn becausen asn then NYHAn classnincr
eases,n cardiacn patientsn haven moren severen physicaln symptoms,n whichn usuallyn resultn innemotion
aln distress,n suchn asn depression.n Nursesn needn ton activelyn assessn cardiacn patientsn forndepression,n e
speciallyn thosen inn highern NYHAn classes,n son theyn mightn ben diagnosednnnandntreatedn asn need
ed.
8. Whatnfrequencynandnpercentnnofnncardiacnnpatientsnninnnthisnnstudynnwerennnotnnbeingnntreante
dnwithnannantidepressant?nShownyourncalculationsnandnroundnyournanswerntonnthennearestn
wholen percentn (%).
Answer:n An totaln ofn 106n cardiacn patientsn participatedn innn thisnn study.nn Thenn samplenn incnluded
15nnpatientsnnwhonnwerennreceivingnnnannnnantidepressantnnn(seennnTablennn1).nnnThennnnumbnern
ofn cardiacn patientsn notn treatedn forn depressionn wasn 91n (106n –
15n =n 91).n Then groupn percentn isn calculatednn bynn thenn followingnn formula:nn (groupnn frequnency
n ÷n totaln samplenn size)nn ×n 100%.nn Fornn thisnn study,nn (91nn patientsnn ÷n 106nn samplenn sizne)nn× n1
00%nn=n0.858nn×n100%nnn=n85.8%nnn=n86%.nnnThennnfinalnnanswernnnisnnnroundednnntonnntnhenn nearestn
n wholenn percentnn asnn directednn innn thenn question.nn Younn couldnn havenn alsonn subtracten dn thenn 14% nn o
fnn patientsnntreatednn withnnantidepressantsnn fromnn 100%nn andnn obtainednn thenn 86%nwhon weren notn tre
atedn withn ann antidepressant.
t.n Whatnn wasnnthennpurposennofnnthenn5-
minutenwalknntestnn(5MWT)?nn Wouldnnthenn5MWTnn benn usefulnninnnclinicalnn practice?
Answer:n Han etnnal.n (2018)n stated,n “Then 6-
minn walkn testn (6MWT)nisn annmeasurennofn then submaximal,nn steady-
staten functionaln capacity”n ofn cardiacn patients.n Thisn testn wouldn ben an quick,n easyn waynn tondeter
minen an cardiacn patient’sn functionaln statusn inn an clinicalnn setting.nn Thisnn functionalnstatusn
scoren couldn ben usedn ton determinen then treatmentn plann ton promoten orn maintain
