NR507- Advanced Pathophysiology| Final Exam| Question and Answers 2025 Updated

NR507- Advanced Pathophysiology|
Final Exam| Question and Answers 2025
Updated
Acute renal failure - Correct answersReversible
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Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this indicates that
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kidneys are functioning well
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Acute Pyelonephritis - Correct answersDiagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be
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difficult; can be similar to cystitis
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Diagnosis established by: gg gg




-Urine culture gg




-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
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-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg




Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) - Correct answersGoals of Treatment:
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Manage acute pain gg gg




Promote passage of stone gg gg gg




Reduce size of stone gg gg gg




Prevent new stone formation gg gg gg




Chronic Renal Failure - Correct answersChronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive
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loss of renal function associated with systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes
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mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney
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disease
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CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
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Who is a candidate for dialysis? - Correct answersEnd-stage renal disease (ESRD) is
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the final stage of CKD with the number one cause being diabetes mellitus combined with
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hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
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CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than
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symptoms.
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Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
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--Metabolic acidosis. gg




--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves) is an gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg




indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis.
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--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis and
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include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
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--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
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--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
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, Stage I CKD - Correct answersThere is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
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90-120

Stage II CKD - Correct answersThere is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
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60-89

Stage III CKD - Correct answersThere is a moderate decrease in GFR
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30-59

Stage IV CKD - Correct answersThere is a severe decrease in GFR
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15-29

Stage V CKD - Correct answersKidney failure- End-stage renal disease
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<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable as well as
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dialysis or kidney transplant
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Complications of Decreased GFR - Correct answersAnemia
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Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption gg gg




Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure gg




Left ventricular hypertrophy
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Fluid volume overload
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Hyperkalemia
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperphosphatemia
Metabolic acidosis gg




Malnutrition (late complication) gg gg




GERD - Correct answersWarning signs include: Symptoms over age of 50:
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-Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) gg gg




-Odynophagia (pain on swallowing) gg gg gg




-Nausea and vomiting gg gg




-Weight loss gg




-Melena
-Early satiety (feeling full after eating very little food
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gg Hiatal Hernia - Correct answersOften asymptomatic
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Generally, a wide variety of symptoms develop later in life and are associated with other
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GI disorders, primarily GERD
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--Sliding hiatal hernia: treatment usually conservative. Individuals can diminish reflux by
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eating small, frequent meals and avoiding the recumbent position after eating.
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