NCOA Exam Questions 100% Correct Answers
(Verified Answers) 2025 New Update A+ Pass
action of histamine in allergic reactions - Answer-vasodilation, smooth muscle
contraction, increased vascular permeability, increased mucus secretions
/.assessing/contraindications related to proceeding with the skin test - Answer-
corticosteroids and antihistamines should be stopped at least 48 hours before testing
/.cause of hypernatremia - Answer-hypertonic TF without water supplements,
hyperventilation, diabetes insipidus, inadequate water intake, some OTC medications
/.cause of hyponatremia - Answer-vomiting, diuretics, burns & wound drainage,
excessive fluid intake, SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic
hormone)
/.cause/risk factors of hyperkalemia - Answer-renal failure, use of potassium
supplements/potassium sparing diuretics, burns, crushing injuries, severe infection,
ACE inhibitors
/.cause/risk factors of hypokalemia - Answer-vomiting, gastric suction, prolonged
diarrhea, diuretics and steroids, inadequate intake
/.causes/risk factors of FVD - Answer-vomiting/diarrhea, GI suction, sweating, warm
weather, hyperthermia, decreased intake, diuretics, decrease in total body water,
inability to regulate sodium and water balance, decreased thirst perception
/.causes/risk factors of FVE - Answer-heart failure, renal failure, liver cirrhosis, excess
sodium intake, excessive or rapid IV infusion
/.common assessment findings in anaphylactic shock - Answer-respiratory compromise,
low BP, GI distress, skin or mucosal tissue irritation, cardiovascular compromise
/.common assessment findings in hypovolemic shock - Answer-confusion, difficulty
breathing/tachypnea, low BP, low temp, pale or cyanotic
/.common causes of anaphylactic shock - Answer-foods, meds, insect bites and stings
/.common causes of hypovolemic shock - Answer-traumatic blood loss, severe
dehydration, severe edema, ascites
/.common triggers of anaphylaxis - Answer-foods, medications, animal serums, latex
, /.define agglutination - Answer-clumping effect occurring when an antibody acts as a
cross-link between two antigens
/.define antibodies - Answer-a protein substance developed by the body in response to
and interacting with a specific antigen
/.define apoptosis - Answer-programmed cell death
/.define immunosuppression - Answer-the partial or complete suppression of the
immune response of an individual
/.define lymphocytes - Answer-a form of small leukocyte (white blood cell) occurring
especially in the lymphatic system.
/.define neutrophils - Answer-type of WBC that acts as a first line of defense
/.define opsonization - Answer-the coating of antigen-antibody molecules with a sticky
substance to facilitate phagocytosis
/.define phagocytosis - Answer-the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes
/.describe acquired immunity - Answer-adaptive/develops as a result of prior exposure
to an antigen through immunization or by contracting a disease, both generate a
protective immune response. Relies on recognition of the specific foreign antigens
/.describe natural immunity - Answer-present at birth/nonspecific, first line of defense,
protects the host without remembering prior contact with an infectious agent.
/.describe the administration of epinephrine 1:1000 subQ - Answer-given
subcutaneously in upper extremity or thigh, may be followed by IV infusion
/.explain the different stages of the immune response - Answer-1. recognition:
recognition of antigens as foreign or non-self by lymphocytes. 2. proliferation:
lymphocytes stimulate T and B cells to enlarge, divide, and proliferate. 3. response:
differentiated lymphocytes function in a humoral or cellular capacity. 4. effector: either
the antibody of the humoral response or the cytotoxic T cell of the cellular response
reaches and connects with the antigen on the surface of the foreign invader.
/.general nursing management for the stages of shock - Answer-compensatory: identify
underlying cause, IVFs, O2 therapy, run labs, assess tissue perfusion; progressive:
close monitoring, meds and fluids, dialysis, balloon pump, mechanical ventilation;
irreversible: carry out prescribed treatments, monitor patient, prevent complications,
comfort measures
/.how are antibodies formed? - Answer-antibodies are produced by B cells.
(Verified Answers) 2025 New Update A+ Pass
action of histamine in allergic reactions - Answer-vasodilation, smooth muscle
contraction, increased vascular permeability, increased mucus secretions
/.assessing/contraindications related to proceeding with the skin test - Answer-
corticosteroids and antihistamines should be stopped at least 48 hours before testing
/.cause of hypernatremia - Answer-hypertonic TF without water supplements,
hyperventilation, diabetes insipidus, inadequate water intake, some OTC medications
/.cause of hyponatremia - Answer-vomiting, diuretics, burns & wound drainage,
excessive fluid intake, SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic
hormone)
/.cause/risk factors of hyperkalemia - Answer-renal failure, use of potassium
supplements/potassium sparing diuretics, burns, crushing injuries, severe infection,
ACE inhibitors
/.cause/risk factors of hypokalemia - Answer-vomiting, gastric suction, prolonged
diarrhea, diuretics and steroids, inadequate intake
/.causes/risk factors of FVD - Answer-vomiting/diarrhea, GI suction, sweating, warm
weather, hyperthermia, decreased intake, diuretics, decrease in total body water,
inability to regulate sodium and water balance, decreased thirst perception
/.causes/risk factors of FVE - Answer-heart failure, renal failure, liver cirrhosis, excess
sodium intake, excessive or rapid IV infusion
/.common assessment findings in anaphylactic shock - Answer-respiratory compromise,
low BP, GI distress, skin or mucosal tissue irritation, cardiovascular compromise
/.common assessment findings in hypovolemic shock - Answer-confusion, difficulty
breathing/tachypnea, low BP, low temp, pale or cyanotic
/.common causes of anaphylactic shock - Answer-foods, meds, insect bites and stings
/.common causes of hypovolemic shock - Answer-traumatic blood loss, severe
dehydration, severe edema, ascites
/.common triggers of anaphylaxis - Answer-foods, medications, animal serums, latex
, /.define agglutination - Answer-clumping effect occurring when an antibody acts as a
cross-link between two antigens
/.define antibodies - Answer-a protein substance developed by the body in response to
and interacting with a specific antigen
/.define apoptosis - Answer-programmed cell death
/.define immunosuppression - Answer-the partial or complete suppression of the
immune response of an individual
/.define lymphocytes - Answer-a form of small leukocyte (white blood cell) occurring
especially in the lymphatic system.
/.define neutrophils - Answer-type of WBC that acts as a first line of defense
/.define opsonization - Answer-the coating of antigen-antibody molecules with a sticky
substance to facilitate phagocytosis
/.define phagocytosis - Answer-the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes
/.describe acquired immunity - Answer-adaptive/develops as a result of prior exposure
to an antigen through immunization or by contracting a disease, both generate a
protective immune response. Relies on recognition of the specific foreign antigens
/.describe natural immunity - Answer-present at birth/nonspecific, first line of defense,
protects the host without remembering prior contact with an infectious agent.
/.describe the administration of epinephrine 1:1000 subQ - Answer-given
subcutaneously in upper extremity or thigh, may be followed by IV infusion
/.explain the different stages of the immune response - Answer-1. recognition:
recognition of antigens as foreign or non-self by lymphocytes. 2. proliferation:
lymphocytes stimulate T and B cells to enlarge, divide, and proliferate. 3. response:
differentiated lymphocytes function in a humoral or cellular capacity. 4. effector: either
the antibody of the humoral response or the cytotoxic T cell of the cellular response
reaches and connects with the antigen on the surface of the foreign invader.
/.general nursing management for the stages of shock - Answer-compensatory: identify
underlying cause, IVFs, O2 therapy, run labs, assess tissue perfusion; progressive:
close monitoring, meds and fluids, dialysis, balloon pump, mechanical ventilation;
irreversible: carry out prescribed treatments, monitor patient, prevent complications,
comfort measures
/.how are antibodies formed? - Answer-antibodies are produced by B cells.
